INSECTA MADERENSIA:

BEING

AN ACCOUNT OF THE INSECTS

OF

THE ISLANDS

OF

THE MADEIRAN GROUP.

y

T. VERNON WOLLASTOK, M.A., F.L.S.

6 SetTTTOTT;? yap fiov fierewpo'; alperai
linnfhov eh rov akp eiri tov KavOdpov.

Aristoph. Pax, 80.

LONDON:

JOHN VAN VOORST, 1 PATERNOSTER ROW.

1854.

Though never ase until a later day

AssaQ'd thj' forests' huge antiquity.

Yet elder Fame had many tales of thee —

Wliether Pha?nician shipman far astray

Had brought uncertain notices away

Of islands dreaming in the middle sea ;

Or that man's heart, which struggles to be free

From this old worn-out world, had never stay

Till, for a place to rest on, it had foimd

A region out of ken, that happier isle,

AVliich the mild ocean breezes blow around.

Where they who thrice upon this mortal stage

Had kept their hands from wrong, their hearts from gmle,

ShoiUd come at length, and live a tearless age.

, Teench.

I'B1>"TED BY T-VYLOll AND FKANCIS,
RED LION COtTHT, FLEET STREET.

VIRO . REVERENDO

RICARDO-THOMiE . LOWE . A.M.

ECCLESItE . ANGLICAN/E

IN . INSVLIS . MADERENSIBVS

ANNOS . VNVM . ET . VIGINTI

PRiESVLI

NECNON . SIMVL

SCIENTIA . NATVRALI . PERITISSIMO

HOC . OPVSCVLViM

QVALECVNQVE . GRATI . ANIMI . SIGNVM

DICATVM . VOLVIT

AVCTOR.

PREFACE.

It is not without some degree of hesitation that I am at length induced to bring
together my notes on the Coleoptera of the Madeiran Group in a sufficiently
connected form for the press ; and in offering them to the scientific Avorld, I
would wish briefly to state for what pui-pose they were originally commenced.

Having been advised in October of 1847 to leave England for the benefit of
my health, I employed a seven months' residence at Funchal in collectiug such
insects (and desultory information concerning them) as came beneath my notice,
but without any ulterior design than that of a mere temporary amusement, and
to relieve the monotony of a winter's exile in a distant land.

In November of the following year, however, another migration being recom-
mended to me, I decided on " making a vu-tue of necessity," and tm-ning my
second banishment to a more practical account than the first one ; and con-
sequently started with the full intention of accumulating matter for publication,
— which I was bold to hope would at any rate so far expand, ia importance
and extent, as to furnish a series of papers, at a future time, for some of the
Natural History journals of the day.

But having been rewarded, in this my second expedition, with more success
than I had had reason to anticipate (owing in a large measm'c to my health
having permitted me, not only to use greater diligence, but also to visit many
remote rocks, and to ascend into regions, hitherto forbidden), and having
convinced myself that I had obtained the major part of the species which were

vi PREFACE.

to be met Avith between the limits of October and Jime ; I felt that a summer's
oljservation in situ was the main thing reqiined to render my knowledge of
tlie Coleopterous fauna tolerably complete. Hence, in May of 1850, at the
instigation of the E.ev. 11. T. Lowe (whose imremittiag services I shall have
al)undant opportimities elsewhere of announcing), having procured a tent, I
again set sail for the island, — prepared to take up my abode, diu'ing the hotter
period, in districts as yet but imperfectly explored ; and, by thus applying myself
in good earnest (at elevations, moreover, difficult of access except at that peculiar
season), I conceived that 1 should be in a position, at the close of my thii'd
sojourn, to attempt a more lengthened and systematic treatise than I had at the
beginning ventured to contemj)late.

My material having, in this manner, been gradually amassed, considerable
leisure was afforded me, during the intervals of my return to England, not only
of carefully studying the new modifications which had been brought to light,
but also of sending them for comparison to the principal museums of the
Continent, — by which means I was the better qualified to form a correct oj)iiiion
on their several affinities.

To those of my friends and correspondents who have aided me in this some-
what difficult task, whether in the collation of specimens or in the loan of types,
I would dcsu'c to express my sincere obligations. Particularly, however, would
I draw attention to the valuable help which I have received from J. O. West-
wood, Esq., whose pencil has been so elaborately employed in the figures which
I am thus enabled to attach, and by Avhom many of the minutest of the dissec-
tions were accomplished, — ^^ith a degree of delicacy, moreover, to which I did
not myself at the commencement of this Work (though I haA'e since succeeded in
anatomizing the larger portion of them, likewise) lay claim.

From Frederick Smith, Esq., for the unwearied attention which he has
bestowed, and the amoimt of skill which he has brought to play, upon the
engraving, I have also more than common assistance to record.

From A. H. Haliday, Esq., of Dublin ; from Messrs. Wliite and Watcrhouse, of
the British Museum; and from E. ^\ . Janson, Esq., Curator of the Entomological

PREFACE. . vii

Society of London, I am bound to confess that I have received much useful
information and practical hints, — apart from the many facilities of reference
which they have most liberally afforded me.

To Professor Heer, of Zurich, my especial acknowledgments are due, — not only
for the handsome manner in which he has laid the whole of his Madeiran collec-
tions at my disposal (refusing to describe even the novelties which he had himseK
discovered), but also for putting me in possession of his private notes, compiled at
Funchal during the winter of 1850 and the spring of 1851.

To Dr. H. Schaum, of Berlin, who has spared no trouble in ministering to my
entomological wants, and to whose unexampled kindness I shall have frequent
occasion to allude throughout the present volume ; as well as to Professor
Bohemann, of Stockholm, for his ^ comparison of my Bhyncophora with the
Schonherrian types, I owe much.

To MM. Javet, Chevrolat, Deyrolle, Jacquelin-Duval, Leon-Fairmaire, and
Dr. Axibe, of Paris ; as also to M. Dohrn, President of the Entomological Society
of Stettin, to M. Kiesenwetter of Leipzig, M. Motschulsky of St. Petersburgh, and
to T. S. Leacock, Esq., of Funchal, my recognition of services, in various ways
conferred, is gratefully conceded.

And, lastly (though not least), to the Rev. R. T. Lowe, who, for upwards of
twenty years British Chaplain and the sole guardian of natural science in
Madeira, has not only consented to an invasion of his own field of research, but
has even co-operated with me (directly and indirectly), during my successive visits
to the island, to bring about the object which I had in view, I have incurred a
debt which will not be easily repaid. The generosity moreover with which he has
communicated, without reserve, both his local knowledge in the departments at
which I have been labouring and the result of his long experience in everything
connected with the country itself, demands my warmest thanks; whilst his
unbounded hospitality, not only to myself, but to hundreds who have been
similarly exiled under his control (too many, however, never to return), must not
remain unnoticed.

Viii PREFACE.

If the follo^\•ing pages should be found of sixfficient interest to attract the
attention of a few out of the unfortunate invalids who flock to Funchal, winter
after mnter, for their health, and with whom the main lamentation which every-
where resounds is the total absence of the ordinary enjoyments of a country life,
and the want of some local amusement to divert theii* thoughts from the cmises
of their lianislmient, one at any rate of the objects for which they have been
compiled will have been fully realized.

London, .Inly 14, 1854.

INTEODUCTION.

^VHEN we review the great questions arising out of the geographical distribu-
tion of animals and plants, there can be no doubt whatsoever that the close inves-
tigation of any given area, however minute, must contribute materially, provided
its position be a significant one, to lighten the labours of those more comprehen-
sive naturalists who are able to wield, with a master's hand, the scanty data
gleaned by the humbler workers in the science to a practical account. And, since
it has been said that whatsoever falls ■ndthin the sphere of knowledge is attached
to a radius and tends towards the centre, there is reason to hope that no amount
of truth, once faiiiy arrived at, will be eventually lost ; but that it will sooner or
later find its way into the central mass, to be employed, whensoever chance may
require it, for the general good. Hence it is that we are encouraged, in every
branch of observation, to register what we see ; and to feel that the most trivial
facts, if faithfully recorded, may become the basis from whence the soundest
theories may arise, — such theories forsooth as have ah'eady arisen from the con-
templation of circumstances apparently beneath oiu* notice, and which have grown
up, step by step, into trees of gigantic dimensions, to embrace at last large prin-
ciples within their shade.

Such being the case, I have ventured to hope that the examination of islands
even so small as those now under discussion may not have been altogether without
profit. The intermediate situation of Madeira, which, whilst pertaining artificially
to Europe, has nevertheless much in common with the north of Africa (from
which in distance it is the less remote), imparts to it an interest, the importance
of which the student of Zoological geography cannot faU at once to recognise :
and, if we scan the results arrived at in the following pages, we shall perceive that
there is positive ground for the belief that its Coleopterous fauna is, in a large
measiu'e, of a very isolated type. Although partaking, in the main, of that par-
ticular stamp which is usually acknowledged as Mediterranean, yet the number of
endemic species (and even of genera) would seem to be so great, whilst tlie ncAv
modifications wliich have been brought to light are so extremely characteristic,

b

X INTRODUCTION.

and adjusted to the peculiar nature of the country in which they are placed, that
we cannot resist the conclusion that, whatever may have heen the extent or con-
dition of that ancient continent of which these several Atlantic clusters are the
sure witnesses, that portion of it at any rate which the Madeiras may be supposed
to represent was not only singularly rich in creations adapted specially to itself,
but also that the various forms must have migrated but very slightly ere the land
of passage was destroyed, — seeing that many of them had apparently not even
reached those points of its area which are now the detached portions of the actual
group. That this is really a fact, we may appeal, intei' alia, to such insects as the
Tarphii (only a single one of which, out of 15, occurs beyond Madeii-a proper), to
Argutor and Trechiis (of the same island), to Acalles (of which 12 members, out
of 13, belong to the central mass), to the aberrant Atlantides and the Anemophili
(almost exclusively Porto Santan), or to Deucalion (which reigns supreme on the
nearly inaccessible heights of the two southern Dezertas).

Although it is of com-se possible that some few out of the 270 species, and even
of the 11 genera, which I have treated as novelties, may have l^een ah-eady made
known, yet I believe it will be fovmd, on inspection, that such instances are rare ;
whilst concerning the claims of the majority of them, being apparently of an
endemic natm'e, there cannot be the slightest doubt. In addition to these 270
species, there are 11 which had been pre\aously characterized as Madeiran ; thus
raising the entire num1)er to 281, — which, out o/ 182, it must be admitted is a
large proportion to possess cceii the chance of being peculiar to these islands. The
genera of the present volimie amount, in aU, to 213 : one of these {Cossyphodes)
had been lately described as jMad'eh-an ; and 9 at least (namely Calobius, Dactylo-
sterimm, Xenostrongylus, Metophthalmus, Jflicrochondrus, Pecteropus, Deucalion,
ArthroUps and Macrostethus), out of the 41 which arc indicated as new, I have
reason to suspect have exponents elscAvhere, — which reduces the modifications
which may, or may not, he endemic (but the larger portion of Avhich probably are)
to 3-1. Amongst these 31, perhaps the most remarkable are Zargus, Cossyphodes,
Eitrops, Aphanarthrum, Leijjarthrmn, Echinosoma, Xenorchestes, Gloeosoma, and
Ellipsodes.

It will be seen, on a reference to the Systematic Catalogue of this work, that the
total absence of numerous genera (and even of whole families) which are looked
upon as all but universal, constitutes one of the most striking featm'cs in om*
entomological fauna. Thus, incredible though it may seem, not so much as a
solitary \vitness of the Cicindelidce, Dujjrestida; or Pselaphidce has hitherto been
l)rought to light ; whilst the great genera Carabits*, Nebria*, Silpha, Necro-

* In Dejean's Catalogue there ia a Carahm registered as Madeiran, under the name of C interruptus ;
aud a Nebria under that of N. dilatata : but, as no vestige of either one genus or the other has come
beneath my notice, and since they have totally escaped the researches of the Ecv. E. T. Lowe for a period
of twenty-six years, as also of the late Dr. lleinecken and of every other naturalist (so far as I am aware)
subsequently ; I have not the slightest hesitation in pronouncing Dejean's insects (whatsoever they were)

INTRODUCTION. XI

phorus, Cetonia, Telephoriis, Tentyria, Pimelia, Acis, Asida and Otiorhynchus are
altogetlier wanting. The vast race of the Thaler ophagous Lamellicorns {vid. p. 235),
as also the immense department of the Elateridce {vid. p. 239), are represented
apparently by but a single form, — as are also the SUphklie, Telepliorklce, Tenty-
riadcB, and the (Edemendcs.

Of the 13 primary sections into which I have distribvited the entire Coleoptera,
the Bhyncoplwra contains the largest amount of species, and the Eucerata the
smallest. Arranged numerically, they are as follows : Rhyncophora (104), Necro-
pliaga (80), Geodeplmcja (63), Brachelytra (71), Friocerata (35), Atmchelia (29),
Coirlylocemfa (22), Fhytophaga (21), Pseudotrimera (17), Philhydrkla (13), Tm-
clieUa (11), Hydradephaga (7), Eucerata (6). Now there is an anomaly in these
proportions, which it is not easy, at first sight, to account for, — namely, that,
whUst Madeira is essentially a land of wood and streams, the Longicorns and
Water-beetles should be the least shadowed forth of the whole. As regards the
latter of these, however, the deficiency is not difficult to understand, — the rapid
nature of the rivers, which are liable to sudden inundations from the mountains,
and to deposit their contents in positions distant from their banks, or to poiu' in
ceaseless torrents over the perpendicular faces of the rocks, being anything but
favourable to insect life.

Of the 56 families which enter our lists, the CttrcnlioHidcc, StaphyUnidce and
CarabidcB (as miglit be expected) take the lead, — the first nmnbering 80 species,
the second 73, and the thuxl 63. The next, in point of extent, is the Colydiadce,
— which contains 19. The Galerucidce has 13 ; the Lathridiadce and Coccinellidce
12 ; the Apthodiadce 10 ; the Melyridce 7 ; the Dytiscida;, Sisteridce and Ceram-
bicidcB 6 ; the Chrysomelidce 4, and the ScydnKBuidce 1.

Of the genera with which we have here to do, Tarpthius and Homalota (each of
which have 15 representatives) rank first. Then comes Atlantis (which has 14) ;
Acalles (13) ; Ptinus (10) ; Trechus and Helop)S (9) ; Bemhidium and L(Bmo-
phlceus (8) ; Caulotrnpis, Apion and Philonthus (7) ; Bromius, Corticaria, Apho-
dius, Longitarsus and Scymnns (6) ; Lixiis, Sitona, Psylliodes, Coccinella and
Oxytelns (5), &c.

In glancing over oru* catalogue, we shall be struck, apart from the dearth in the
Hydradephaga and Eucerata (already commented upon), by the great scarcity of
the flower-infesting tribes, — which, in a country like Madeira, where vegetation
i& redundant, is not a little extraordinary. Thus, to take the various families, in
succession, which may be considered as par excellence falling under that denomi-

to have been incorrectly referred (as was also, I imagine, his Melanerus Amaroides) to the islands of our
present gi-oup. Tliey may possibly have been Canarian, or (which is more likely stUl) from the Azores ;
but until fiu-ther evadenee than that of a mere Catalogue (formed in another coiuitry, and subjected to
all the chances of imcertaia information) be supplied, I confess I shall not be inclined to regard them as
otherwise than apocryphal.

62

xii INTRODUCTION.

nation, wc find that the Phalocridce are attested by 4 OUhri ; the entire Thalero-
phagous Lamellicorns by a single Chasmatoptcrits ; the TeJephoridce by an insig-
nificant IlalUiodes ; the Melyridce (which is the best indicated of the whole) by
7 species (contained in 5 difierent genera) ; the Cleridm by an OjydHs and a
Necrobia (the last of which is unquestionably naturalized) ; the Ilordellidce by a
solitary Anaspis; the (Edemeridce by a Stenaxis ; and the Crioceridce by a Lema
and a Crioceris (of which the latter, if not the former also, has been imported
from Em-ope).

Two of the principal features observable throughout the Coleoptera of these
islands, are the general obscureness of colom-ing (gay tints being exceedingly rare)
and the apterous tendency. As regards the second of these, so strongly is it
expressed, that, out of the 182 sjiecies hitherto detected, 178 are either altogether
apterous, or else have theii" wings so imperfectly developed that they may be prac-
tically considered as such. About 86 moreover (out of the 482) may, I imagine,
have been accidentally introduced from other countries ; and, as these belong well
nigh exclusively to the winged forms, the winged species which are in all probabi-
lity tridij indigenous are diminished to 218, — thus exceeding by onl}^ 10 those
which are either apterous or nearly so. Numerous genera indeed (as Tarns,
Loricera, Calathus, Olisthopus, Argutor, Trechus, Hydrohius. &c.) which are
commonly winged arc here almost invariably apterous : whilst of the converse {i. e.
of insects which have their wings ample, although in other countries they are
usually obsolete) there is, I believe, but a single instance, — namely Pristonychus
(concerning which, vide p. 218). As a corollary arising out of this peculiarity, we
should a priori be led to anticipate that a large section of the Madeirau Coleoptera
would be of a very local character, — since, where the means of self-dispersion are
reduced below the ordinary standard, a widely-acquired range is of coui-se next to
impossible. And such, on investigation, we find to be the case, — as a glance, in
fact, at tlic Toi)0(jrophicol Tables will abundantly convince.

Respecting the proportions which the several islands bear to each other, in the
niunber of species observed upon them, the great difllculties attending even a tem-
porary sojourn out of [Madeira proper should be borne in mind, as ser\-ing to
explain in some measure the impeduuents which surround us in arriving at any
positive data on the subject. Independently hoAvever of tliis, the immense super-
ficies of the central mass as contrasted with the satellites of the group, — containing
as it docs about ten times the area of Porto Santo (which last is, in its tvu-n,
gigantic when compared with the barren rocks of the Dezertas), and not only
aboundmg in wood and water, but rising to nearly four times the height, — must
naturally give it an enormous preponderance in the faima of the entii'e region.
Still, having (at three dilferent ]ieriods of the year) resided for more than a month
in Porto Santo, for the sole ])urpose of research, and having twice encamp(>d for a
week (in the winter and siunnier) on the Dezerta Grande, as well as on the llheo
Chao, I believe that I am at any rate in a position to give some sort of an ojiiuion

INTRODUCTION. XUl

on this intricate question : and to any person who has a practical knowledge of the
localities themselves, I think that the following numbers (unequal as they are)
will not appear to be inconsistent with the opposite dimensions and aspects of the
various portions of the cluster to which they respectively refer. Thus, in Madeii-a
proper I have (up to the present period) ascertained 432 species to have occurred,
in Porto Santo 111, on the Dezerta Grande 57, on the Northern Dezerta (or Ilheo
Chao) 15, and on the Southern Dezerta (or Ilheo Bugio) 4. Or, if we choose to
regard the Dezertas as one, the group will separate itself into three natm'al divi-
sions ; and we shall have for Madeu-a proper 432, for the Dezertas 61, and for
Porto Santo 111. Of the 61 species which I have found on the Dezertas, 44 have
been detected in Madeira and 29 in Porto Santo. Tlie species which (so far as I
have been able to ascertain) are peculiar to Madeira proper are 340, to Porto
Santo 32, to the Dezerta Grande 6, to the Ilheo Chao 3, and to the Ilheo Bugio 0.

The only insects of the existence of which I have been enabled to satisfy myself
for certain on ei-erij island are the Scarites ahhreviatus and the Laparocerus morio ;
nevertheless I am all but convinced that the Calatlms complanatus, Sarpalus
vivklus and the Hadriis cinerascens (if we consider the H. illqtus as its Porto
Santan analogue) are equally universal : whilst, at the same time, they may l^e
regarded, in conjunction with the Tarns lineatus, Dromlits ohscuroyiittatus,
OUsthopus Maderensis, Omias ventrosus, Helops JPluto and confertus, and the
Anthicus trlstis, as amongst the species which are the most abimdant indicidually
of all with which we are concerned.

Taking a cursory view of the Coleoptera here described, the fauna may perhaps
be pronounced as having a greater afiinity with that of Sicily than of any other
country which has been hitherto projierly investigated. Apart from the large
number of our genera (and even sj^ecies) which are diffused over more or less of
the entu'e Mediterranean basin, this is especially evinced in some of the most cha-
racteristic forms, — such as Ajwtomiis, Xenostrongylus, Tarpliius, Cholovocera, JSolo-
p>aramecus, Bergimis, LUargus, Thorictus and Boromorphus. There is moreover,
strange though it may appear to be, some slight (though decided) collective assi-
milation with what we observe in the south-western extremity of oiu' own country
and of Ireland, — nearly all the species which are common to Madeira and the
British Isles being found in those particular regions ; whilst one j)oint of coin-
cidence at any rate, and of a very remarkable natm-e, has been fully discussed
{md. p. 320) under Mesites. Whether or not this partial parallelism may be
employed to further Professor E. Porbes's theory of the quondam approximation,
by means of a continuous land, of the Kerry and Gallician hills, and of a huge
miocene continent extending beyond the Azores, and including all these Atlantic
clusters within its embrace, I will not venture to suggest : nevertheless it is im-
possible to deny that, so far as the Madeu'as betoken, everything would go to
favour this grand and comprehensive idea. Partaking in the main of a Mediter-
ranean fauna, the northern tendency of which is in the evident direction of the

XIV INTRODUCTION.

south-western portions of England and Ireland, and with a profusion of endemic
modifications of its own (bearing witness to the engorgement of this ancient tract
with centres of radiation created expressly for itself), whilst geology proclaims the
fact that subsidences on a stupendous scale have taken place, by which means the
ocean grou^js were constituted ; we seem to trace out on every side records of the
past, and to catch the glimpses as it were of a veritable Atlantis from beneath the
waves of time, — being well nigh tempted to inquire,

" And tliou, fairest Isle

In the dayliglit's smile,
Hast thou sunk in the boiling ocean,

"Willie beyond tliy strand

Rose a mightier land
From tlie wave in alternate motion ?

" Are the isles that stud

The Atlantic flood
But the peaks of thy tallest mountains,

Wliile repose below

The great waters' flow
Thy towns and thy towers and fountains ?

" Have the ocean powers

Made their quiet bowers
In thy fanes and thy dim recesses ?

Or, in haunts of thine

Do the sea-maids twine
Coral wreaths for their dewy tresses ?

" But we know not where,

'Neath the desert air,
To look for the pleasant places

Of the youth of Time,

Whose austcror prime
The haunts of his childhood effaces."

Regarding the arrangement which I have adopted, I would especially advert to
the great assistance which I have derived from Mr. West wood's admii-able Intro-
duction to the Modern Classification of Insects, — a work the merit of which it is
dilficidt to overrate, and far surpassing every other in our own coiuitry (if not
elsewhere also), in a systematic point of view, for the soimd impressions which it
conveys, and for the masterly manner in wliich the subject has been treated as a
ichole. It is a comparatively easy task to single out any one family or depart-
ment, and to propound new doctrines on the collocation, inter se, of the various
fragments which unite in composing it ; but to weigh the problem in extenso, to
balance the difficulties of conflicting methods from beginning to end, and to extract

INTRODUCTION. XV

as far as may be possible the good from all (rejecting both what is superfluous and
bad), is indeed a Gordian knot requii-ing a Solon to untie. And, whilst numerous
portions have been subsequently taken in hand by others, and have here and there
been modified (for better or worse), the general plan which Mr. Westwood has
selected does still seem to offer (when contemplated in the mass) the fewest objec-
tions, so far as I am able to judge, of any which has been hitherto proposed. I
would mention this, not because I have altogether followed in his wake, — having
departed from it in many (perhaps too many) instances, —but simply by reason of
the fact that, having made his volume my text-book ab Initio, most of my ideas
on the subject (and many even of the changes suggested) have arisen from a study
of its contents : and, although I have not chosen to consider myself as bound
implicitly to any particular author, yet I think it due to Mr. Westwood to
afiu-m that my method of arrangement has been in a very large measure moulded
out of his.

The 13 primary sections which I have made use of are those adopted by Mr.
Westwood ; nevertheless I have both transposed and inverted them, according as
I have deemed it desirable (or where newly-discovered links rendered it necessary)
to bring certain groups, formerly far asunder, into juxtaposition. Such has been
the case with the Clssklce and Tomici, — a proceeding which, on account of the
close aflfinity of the latter with the Cossonides, rendered the inversion of the Rhyn-
cophora absolutely necessary. Then, the removal of the Brachelytra (from the
Pentamerous departments) to the end, — a step which, after much reflection, I
have thought it advantageous, even on its own account, to take, — has had the
happy effect of bringing AiUhrenus (of the Dermestkla) into direct contact with
the Byrrhi, with which it has so much in common ; whilst I have ventured to
employ the Scydmceniclce (although not actually Brachelytrous) to effect a passage
from Anthicus to the Fselaphi (which apparently however have no exponent in
the Madeira Islands), and from thence (through Falagria) into the Staphylvnidce.
The Trogositklce I have preferred to treat as a distinct family, and (for reasons
stated at page 154<) as more akin to the CucujMce than to the NltkliiUdce, — with
which it is now usually associated. The location of the Anisotomidce may perhaps
require some apology; and I may add that I am not prepared to defend the
situation which I have assigned to it as of necessity the most natural one. I do,
rather, in fact regard it as in reality Necrophagous, and woiild not willingly
disturb the position (near to the Silphida;) which it is generally supposed to
occupy : still, the difficulty has been felt [vkl. p. 484) of disconnecting it from the
Clypeastres ; and since these latter are almost universally acknowledged as insepa-
rable from the Fseudotrimera (an hypothesis however which I am by no means
incHned to accept as capable of positive demonstration, though I have tacitly
endorsed it in the present volume), I have to a certain degree been coerced, con-
trary to my inclinations, in regulating its site.

It may perhaps be objected that I have sometimes been over-minute in de-

XVI INTRODUCTION.

scribing my localities, and in recording the precise circumstances imdcr which
many of the species were observed. And indeed, had I employed myself in
writing for the scientific world only, far removed from the scene of action, there
would liave been considerable force in the accusation, — for it can clearly matter
but little to the universal collector to know even ichat iskoul his specimens are
peculiar to (and, therefore, a fortiori, the exact spot in that island), so long as he
be fully con^'inced that they have come from our present Group. But let it be
remembered that one of my principal designs in the following pages has been, not
only to aflford a complete catalogue, to the general naturalist, of Madeiran Coleo-
ptera, but also to jiut into the hands of the sojoiu'ner there for a short period (of
which there are several huncbeds every winter fi'om England alone, independently
of those from other countries) a full and intelligible account of the actual stations
in which he ■ndll probably be able to procm-e the several insects required. By this
means, indeed, I am emboldened to hope that my researches may be tiu'ned to
some practical account for the amusement of that unfortunate class of wanderers
whose lot it is to submit, year after year, to an eight months' exile in Funchal.
For, plainly, to point out one way (be it but one) in which even a few stray minds
may find an ample field to sport in dm'ing a banishment under emergences not
the most enviable, is a boon which ought not (for the sake of a useless brevity) to
be overlooked, in dealing with a subject thus voluntarily undertaken (however
small it be, and imperfectly performed) for the general good.

And to those who are resident (as occasionally happens) for a longer season than
that which is ordinarily appointed for invalids, and who have health and strength
sufficient to tempt them beyond the limits within which the more cautious adven-
turers are permitted to roam, I would add a few words, ere I close these desultory
remarks, on the pleasures of a Tent-life.

It will doubtless seem an insignificant thing, when contemplated here, to inves-
tigate thoroughly such islands as those which we are now discussing. But the
rambler in situ, who knows the difficulties attending even a single journey to the
interior, and the almost physical impossiblity of visiting many localities except
under the most auspicious circumstances and at particular times, and who has
persevered in vain to reach distant rocks, and failed again and again in his efforts
to obtain a landing on their inhospitable shores, he alone is in a position to imder-
stand aright the numerous obstacles which are likely to intercept his progress.
Yet such impediments, when sm'mounted, only go to increase the satisfaction
derived from the object attained, and give to the explorer who has succeeded in
overcoming them an adtlitional deliglit.

The acbnirer of Nature who has passed a long winter at the mountains' base,
contented merely to gaze upon the towering peaks, which, though clear and cold
at night, seldom reveal themselves during the day with sufficient constancy
(thi'ough the heavy canopy of cloud which hangs aroimd them) to warrant an
ascent, hails AWth imbounded joy the advance of spring, — knowing that the time is

INTRODUCTION. xvii

at hand wlien he will be able to revel at large in this Atlantic paradise, in remote
spots seldom visited by strangers, and at altitudes where the fierce elements of
winter shall give way at last to perpetual sunshine and the fresh breezes of a
calmer sea. There is something amazingly luxurious in betaking oneself to Tent-
life, after months of confinement and annoyance (it may be entirely, — 'partially
it must be) in the heat and noise of Funchal. We are then perhaps more than
ever open to the favoiu'able impressions of an alpine existence ; — and who can
adequately teU the ecstasy of a first encamjoment on these invigorating liills ! To
turn out, morning after morning, in the solemn stillness of aerial forests, — where
not a sound is heard, save ever and anon a woodman's axe in some far-off tributary
ravine, or a stray bird hymning forth its matin song to the ascending sun ; to feel
the cool influence of the early dawn on the upland sward, and to mark the thin
clouds of fleecy snow uniting gradually into a solid bank, — aff'ording glimpses the
while, as they join and separate, of the fair creation stretched out beneath ; to
smell the damp, cold vapour rising from the deep defiles around us, where vegeta-
tion is stni rampant on primaeval rocks and new generations of trees are springing
up, untouched by man, from the decajing carcases of the old ones ; to listen in the
still, calm evening au" to the humming of the insect world (the most active tenants
of these elevated tracts) ; and to mark, as the dayUght wanes, the unnumbered
orbs of night stealing one by one on to the wide arch of heaven, as briUiant as
they were on the first evening of thek birth ; — are the lofty enjoyments, all, which
the intellectual mind can grasp in these transcendent heights.

It is needless however to pursue the picture further, for it is impossible to do
justice to what experience alone can enable us to appreciate. And let not any
one suppose that the varied objects and scenes of novelty which administer to our
superior feelings, and charm the eye, in these upland solitudes are adapted only to
the scrutiny of a naturalist, and are either beneath the notice of, or else cannot
be sufiiciently entered into by the general mass, — for such is by no means the
case. A single trial, we are convinced, T\all be more than enough to prove the
reverse, pro\dded the adventurer be not altogether insensible to perceptions from
without, or incurious as to the workings of the external universe around him.
This however, we need scarcely add, is a sine qua non, — for it has been well said
that " he who wondereth at nothing hath no capabilities of bliss ; but he that
scrutinizeth trifles hath a store of pleasure to his hand : and happy and wise is the
man to whose mind a trifle existeth not^

The great expense necessarily attending the pu.blication of a work Hke the
present one will be a sufficient guarantee that it has been undertaken purely as a
" labour of love," and with the sole aim (within its prescribed limits) of arriving
at the truth. How far I have succeeded in this is a problem which must lie
solved by others : meanwhile I apjpeal boldly to observation, in situ, as the test by
which I would most desire to be judged, — having but httle fear of the experiment,
and believing that we are never in so favourable a position for deciding on tlie

c

xviii INTRODUCTION.

relative importance of Zoological differences as when the local circiimstances con-
nected mth them are taken into account. Where I have overlooked facts, or
failed in my conclusions concerning them, I must crave that indulgence which is
never denied to the honest inquirer even in a field so small as that tlu-oughout
which my researches have been prosecuted, — researches which I am well aware
can at the best add but an iota to our knowledge,

" A drop dissevered from the boimdless sea."

FAMILIARTJM DIAGNOSES.

Ordo I. COLEOPTERA.

"Alee quatuor; anticis cluris coriaceis, posticus membranosas (ante

apicem transverse replicatas) obtegentibiis.
Os ad manducationem factum.
MetmnorpJwsis completa." (Van der Hoeven.)

Sectio I. GEODEPHAGA

Mandibula longje, exsertse, ad apicem acutse.

Maxillarum lobus externus articulatus, palpiformis j internus

imgue fixo terminatus.
Antenna filiformes; ll-articiilatse.

Pedes terrestrii (ssepius valde cursorii) ; tibiis bicalcaratis.
Tarsi 5-articulati.

Fam. 1. Caeabid^ ■<

' Mcmdibulce baud vel leviter (rarius valde) dilatatse.
Ligula porrecta, saepius cornea ; paraglossis aucta.

I Habitant sub lapidibus foKisque arborum, dejectis, hrnni latitantes ; pJe-
\^ rwnque valde rapaces.

1. Tarus (2).

2. Dromius (6).

Subf. 1. BEACHnnDES.

Hlj/fm apice truneata (pygidium vis obtegentia), saepius depressa.

Prothorax plus minusve cordatus.

Tibia anticcs intus emarginataB.

Tarsi aniici maris le\-iter dilatati, subtus parce squamuloso-papillosi.

3. Scarites (2).

4. Jpotomus (1).

Subf. 2. SCAETTIDES.

Elytra sa?pius elongata, subcylindrica. Mandibula plerumque valde

deutatae.
Prothorax postice contractus. Mesotliorax elongatus, augustus.
Antennce articulo primo saepius valde elongate.
TibicB antica intus emarginata', plerumque pabnatte.
Tarsi in uti-oque sesu simplices (rarius in mare dilatati).

c2

XX

FAMILIARUM DIAGNOSES.

5. Calmoma (1).

6. Xoliophilui (1).

7. Lorieera (1).

8. Eiirygtmthus Q).
3. Zarijus (3).

10. Pristoni/chits {\).

11. Calal/ius {3).

12. Anchomeniui (2).

13. Olist/iopus (Z).

14. Anjutor (4).

15. Omaseus (2).

16. ^/mara (2).

17. Ani-iodactylm {I).

18. Ilarpalus (4).

19. Opiwnus (1).

20. Slemlnphm (2).

21. Bradycellm (2).

22. Trechm (9).

23. Thalansophilus (1).

24. Bembidium (8).

Subf. 3. Caeabibes.

Palpi articulo ultimo saepius magno, tnmoato, subsecuriformi.
T/Jw omnes uitegTiB (uec antieae emargiuatoe).
Tarsi o«itci maris valde dilatati.

Subf. 4. Haepaiides.

Elytra apiee rotimdata (pygidium plenimque obtegentia).

Tibia anticce intus emargiuata?.

Tfwsi maris, modo antici modo anteriores dilatati.

Div. 1. CHL.a;NnDEA.

Tarsi antici maris art. 2''"' vel S*""' dilatatis (rotundatis vel qua-
dratic), subtus dense spongiosis.
Unguiculi simplices. Pedes plerumque longiores.
Mentum vel dente medio in,structum, vel edentatum.

Div. 2. Pteeostichidea.

Tarsi antici maris art:. 2'°' vel 3""" dilatatis (cordatis vel trian-

gularibus), subtus biseriatim setosis.
Unguiculi sa;pius serrati.

Mentum dente medio (plerumque bifido) instructum, rarius
edentatum.

Div. 3. Habpalidea.

Tarsi anteriores maris art. S""" vel 4 dilatatis, subtus plerumque

biseriatim setosis. ,
Unguiculi sa-pius simplices.

Mentum dente medio (plerumque integro) instructum, rarius
edentatum.

Subf. 5. BEiTBIDIADES.

Palpi articulo ultimo minutissimo, subulate.

Mentum dente medio integro instructum.

TihicB anticce intus emargiuatfe.

Tarsi a?itici maris ai-t. 2""" (sed praesertim 1°) dilatatis.

Sectio II. HYDRADEPHAGA

^ Mandibul<B breves, fere labi-o opertae, ad apicem latiusculae.
Maxillarum lobus externus avticulatus, palpiformis (rarius e.x-

articulatus, rariss. obsoletus).
Antenna filiformes (rarius subfusifornics) ; 11-articulatae.
Pedes natatorii [antici iuterdum subambulatorii).
Ta?-si 5-articulati {anteriores rarius art. 4° obsolete).

F&m. 2. Dttiscid^ .

25. Colymbeles (1).

26. Agabus^i).

27. Hydroporta (2).

Fam. 3. GYSiNiDiE

28. Gyrinu* (1).

' Ma-xillarum lobus externus palpiformis, biarticulatus.
Antennw longiusculae, filiformes. Oculi duo.
Pedes natatorii (posfici ad motum liorizontalem solum facti) .
Tarsi 5-articulati {anteriores rarius art. 4° obsolete).

Habitant in aquis.

(Maxillarum lobus externus exarticulatus (interdum obsoletus).
Antenn<B brevissimae, subfusiformes. Oculi quatuor.
Pedes posteriores natatorii (antici elongati, subambulatorii).
Tarsi o-articulati.

Habitant in aquis quietis ; superjicie velocissime natanies {demergere
•. nescii).

FAMILIARUM DIAGNOSES.

XXI

Sectio III. PHILHYDRIDA

f Mandibula breves, sjepius subopertae, robustse.
Maxillarum lohus externus exarticulatus : palpi maxillares ple-

rumque elongati.
Antenna brevissimae, clavatse (rarius capitatse) ; 6-11-articulatie.
Pedes subuatatorii (rarius omoiiio tcrrestrii).
Tarsi 5-articulati.

f 3IandibulcB ad apicem dentatse.

Palpi maxillares brevissimi.
-p, . p Pedes subuatatorii {tihiis cylindricis, muticis).

^ Tarsi art. 4 baseoa subaequalibus, idtimo valde elongato.

29. Pamus (1).

Fam. 5. Htdkophilid^

30. Ochthebiiis (1).

31. Calobius (1).

32. Limnebius (1).

33. Laccoblus (1).

34. Hydrobius (1).

35. Philhydrua (1).

Fam. 6. Sph^eidiad^

36. Dactylostemnm (1).

37. Spharidium (1).

38. Cercyon (4).

Sectio IV. NECROPHAGA

Habitant in aquis quietis ; plantis adhcerentes ; {swperficie interdv/ni lente
circumferuntur, natare nescii).

Mandibulce plerumque ad apicem bidentatse.

Palpi maxillares ssepius longissimi.

Pedes subuatatorii (tibiis plus muiusve spiuosis, rarius uiuticis).

Tarsi art. 1° brevissimo, 2° arete connato ; posteriores sfepius eiliati.

Habitant in aquis ; plantis aquatiois vel lapidibus adhsrentes.

' Mandihidm plerumque edentatae.
Palpi maxillares antermarum longitudine.

Pedes modo terrestrii, modo subaquatici (tibiis saepius valde spiuosis).
Tarsi art. 1° elougato, libero.

Habitant in stercm-e, vel sub quisquiliis per margines aquarum ; fo-
L dientes.

Maxillarum lobus externus exarticulatus (rarius obsoletus).

Antenna clavatae vel capitatae.

Pedes terrestrii (interdum subcontractiles) .

Tarsi saepius 5-articulati.

Fam. 7. SiLPniD.E
39. Catops (1).

■ MaxillcB bilobffi.
AntenncB 11-art., apicem versus seusim incrassatae, vel clavatae (clava

4-5-art.).
Abdomen e segmentis ventraUbus 6 compositum.
Pedes saepius subgraeiles, leviter elongati.
Tarsi 6-articulati.

Habitant in cadaveribus putrescentibus, quisquiliis, vel sub lapidibus;
vorantes.

r Maxilla bilobse : palpi maxillares art. ultimo minutissimo, acieulari.
Antenncs 11-art., capillares, subclavatae (clava 3-art.).
Abdomen e segmentis ventralibus 5-7 compositum.
Corpus minutissimum ; alis lanceolatis, amplissimis, longissime ciliatis.
Pedes gracUlimi.
Tarsi 3-articuIati,

Habitant in quisquiliis, sub foliis arboriim dejectis, vel in terra hmidd :
velocissime cursitantes.

r MaxillcB bilobae.
Antenncs 11-art., clavatae (clava 3-art.).
Abdomen e segmentis ventralibus 5 compositum.
Fam. 9. Phalaceid^ ■{ p^j^^ grucHes.

Fam. 8. PTiLiAB-a; -

40. Acratrichis (3).

41. Ptenidium (1).

42. Olibrus (4).

Tarsi 5-articulati (art. 4'° minutissimo).
. Habitant inter flores vel in graminosis ; velocissime cursitantes.

XXll

FAMILIARUM DIAGNOSES.

I'ani. 10. XlTIDrLID.T. <

43. Carpophilus (3).

44. Nilidula (4).

45. Pria (1).

46. Meligelhes (4).

47. Xenostrongylm {\).

J'":llli. 11. COLYDIAD.E

4S. jTarpAiiM (15).

49. Ciissijplmdes (1).

50. r/(mxoma (1).

51. Europs (1).

52. iyc/iM (1).

Fam. 12. TeogositidjE
53. IVogosita (2).

Fam. 13. CrcujiDiE

54. Cryptamorpha (I).

55. Ltemop/iUeus (8).

56. Silvanujt (3).

Fani. l-l. Crtptophauiu-e

57. Cryplnp/iagtis (2).

58. Diphyllua (1).

59. Ilypocoprus (1).

60. £/jAt«/emtu (1).

' Maxillce loho singulo instructse (rarius bilobae).
Antennte 11-art., capitatse (capitulo ssepiiis .3-art.).
Abdomen e segmeutis veutralibus 5 composituin.
Pedes robusti, brenuseuli, subcoiitractiles.
Tarsi 5-articulati (art. 4'° minutissimo).

Habitant infloribus, sub eortice arborum, inter fungos, vel etiam in ossibus
{eartilaginem arrodentes).

' Maxillm bilobse.
Antennce lO-ll-art., clavatse vel eapitatas (clava sspius 2- vel 3-art.).
Abdomen e segmentis ventralibus 5 compositimi.
Pedes parum graciles, saepe subcontractiles.
Tarsi 4-articulati (rarius subconici).

Habitant sub truncis corticeve arborum marcido, inter lichenes ; vel in
tenebris latentes.

-Maxillce lolo singulo instructas {interna obsoleto).
Antennm 11-art., filiformes vel subclavatje.
Corpus plus minusve elongatum, depressuiii.
Pedes sat robusti, pra^sertini antici.
Tarsi sKpius 5-articulati (art. 1° miaimo).

Habitant circa granaria et domes; inter eras diversas per commercium
swpe translatw.

Maxillce bOoba? (lobo interna saepius miuutissimo).
Antennce 11-art., filiformes vel subelavatne.
Corpus plus niiuusve elongatiun, plerimique valde depressmn.
Pedes pariun graciles, antici s»pius robustiores.

Tarsi saepius 5-art., iu maribus iatorduui beteromeri ; (art. l°pleruinque
miuiuio).

Habitant sub eortice arborum, in granariis vel circa domos ; commercium
inferdum sequentes.

C Maxilla bilobae.
Antenna 11-art., clavatse.

Corpus plus minusve oblongo-ovatum, convexiusculum.
Pedes sa?pius parum graciles
Tarsi 5-artieulati, in maribus iaterdum beteromeri.

Habitant in fungis, quisquiliis, vel etiam in domibus ;
destruentes.

interdum semina

Fam. 15. LA.TUEIDlA.BiE -

61. Cliolovocera (1).

1)2. I loloparamecus (1).

63. Corlicaria (6).

64. Lathridius (3).

65. Meloplitlialmua (1).

Fara. 16. Mtoetophagid.e

f Maxillce bUobae (lobo interna ssepius obsoleto).
Antennce 8-11-art., clavatse.

Corpus minutum, plus minusve oblongo-ovatum, convexum vel depressum.
Pedes subgracUes.
Tarsi saepius 3-articulati (antici interdmn 4-art.).

Habitant sub lapidibus, eortice, in loeis subttrraneis, vel in formicarum
{^ nidis ; currcntes.

66.
67.
6«.
69.

liert/imm (1).
Microc/ioniinu (I).
Typ/ia^a (1).
Litargua (1).

Maxillce bUobse.

Antennce 11-art., clavatse.

Corpus plus minusve oblongo-ovatum, convexiusculum, pilosuni, pictuin.

Pedes parum graciles.

Tarsi 4-articulati (antici in maribus saepius 3-art.).

Habitant intey fungos, sub eortice arborum, vel in ligno antiqvo : sctpius
agiliter moventes.

FAMILIARUM DIAGNOSES.

XXUl

Fam. 17. Dermestid^

70. Dermestes (1).

71. Attagerms (1).

72. Anthrenus (1).

' Maxillce bOobre.
Antennce 11-art., clavatoe ; iu fovea prosterni interdum reponendse.
Corpus plus minusve oblougum vel ovatum, crassimi, ssepius piloso-

variegatum.
Pedes parum graciles, subcontractiles.
Tarsi 5-articulati.

Habitant in pellihus et circa domos ; vel (rarius) inter flores in aperto,
volare amantes.

Sectio V. CORDYLOCERATA..

Maxillarum lobus externus exarticulatus ; internus vel minutus

vel obsoletus.
Antenna breves, capitatae, serrato-, vel lamellato-clavatEe (ssepe

geniculatae) ; 8-11 -art.
Pedes terrestrii (ssepe omnino contractiles).
. Tarsi 5-articulati.

Fam. 18. Btrbhidje

73. Syncalypta (3).

Fam. 19. Histeridje

74. Hister (1).

75. Paromalus (2).

76. Saprinus (3).

Fam. 20. Thobictidjd.

77. Thoricttis (1).

Fam. 21. ApuoDiADiE

78. Aphodius (6).

79. Oxyomus (2).

80. Psammodius (2).

Maxillce bilobaj. (Mandiiulce vis exsertae.)

Antenna 11-art., clavatiB, breves ; in fovea prosterni reponendse.

Corpus ovatum, crassum, serieeo-piLosiuu ; prosterno autice producto ;

alis rarius obsoletis.
Pedes robusti, contractUes ; (fe)noribus tibiisqyie longitudiaaliter ex-

cavatis) .
Tarsi 5-articuIati, ad tibias repoueudi.

Habitant in graminosis, sub lapidibiis, vel in arenosis ; propter Immum
L lente repentes.

Maxilla biLobre. {MandibulcB saepius magnfe, exsertse.)

Antennce 11-art., capitatse, breves, geniculatse ; scapo longissimo, in fovea

sub margine capitis reponendo.
Corpus rotimdato-quadratum, diu'um, glaberrimum ; prosterno antice

ssepius producto ; elytris trimcatis.
Pedes robusti, contractUes ; {tibiis plus minusve longitudiilaUter excavatis

et dentatis).
Tarsi 5-articulati, ad tibias sfepius reponendi.

Habitant in cadaveribus et quisquiliis, vel etiam sub lapidibus ; lente
repentes.

r Maxilla bUobae. {Mandibulce vix exsertae.)
Antennce 11-art., capitatae, brevissima?, robustfe ; ad marginem capitis

reponendae.
Corpus obtuso-subovatum, durum, politissimimi ; mesosterno brevissimo,

scutello vix observando ; alis obsoletis.
Pedes robustissimi, subcontractUes {tibiis setosis), ad basin vakle ap-

proximati.
Tarsi 5-articulati, breves, subeonici.

Habitant informicarum nidis, vel sub lapiidibns ; latentes.

r Maxillce biloba?. {Mandibulce labrumque membranaceum clypeo operta;.)
Antenna 9-art., lamellato-clavata?, breves ; iu fovea ad margiuem capitis

reponendse.
Corpus plus minusve oblongum, couvexum ; scutello distincto.
Pedes robusti, subcontractUes ; {tibiis anticis trideutatis, posterioribus

setosis).
Tarsi 5-articulati, ad tibias reponendi.

Habitant in stercore, quisquiliis, vel in arenosis ; fodientes.

XXIV

FAMILIARUM DIAGNOSES.

Fam. 22. Trogid^

81. Tro.r(l).

Fain. 23. GLAPHYiiiDiE
82. Chasmatopterus {\).

Sectio VI. PRIOCERATA

Fam. 24. Tueoscidje

8,S. Trixagus (1).

Fam. 25. Elateeid.*

84. Co/itontef/ms (1).

Fam. 26. Ctphonid.!;

8;"!. Eueinetut (1).

MaxiUce bilobse. (Mandibulcs labriMnque insequale cnistaceiim elj'peo

baud opertfe.)
AntentKB 9-10-art., lamellato-clavatae, breves ; in fovea ad margineni

cajjitis repouendse.
Corpus ovatiun, crassum, tuberculato-rugosum ; scuteUo distincto.
Pedes pariun robusti, subcontractiles ; {tibiis setosis, anticis obscure

deutatis).
Tarsi 5-articulati.

Habitant quisquilias in arenosis ; interdum etiam ad ossa allectee (carfila-
ginem an-odentes).

' Maxillm lobo singula dentato iustructse. {ALandibulw subopcrtae. Labrum

crustaceum essertiun.)
AntenncB 9-10-art., lamellato-clavat*, breves ; in fovea ad marginem

ea^jitis repoueiidse.
Corpus oblongiim, subcouvexvim, pilosum ; scutello distiucto ; elytris

leviter trimcatis.
Pedes elongati ; (tibiis anticis ad apieem internum oblique truncatis,

excavatis) .
Tarsi 5-articidati, gracUes ; unguiculis sspius dentatis vel bifidis.

L Habitant super pJantas ; jlores foliaque devorantes.

' Mawillarum lobus externus exarticulatus.

Antenna mediocrcs, filiformes, serratse vel pectinatffi (rarius
clavatic) ; sa'pius 11 -art.

Corpus modo durum, prostcrno producto ; mode molle, prosterno

simplici.
Pedes terrestrii (interdum subcontractiles).
. Tarsi plerumque 5-articulati.

MaxillcB bUoba;. {MandibultB leviter exsertae.)

AntenncB 11-art., clavatfe, breves ; in fovea prosterui reponendie.

Corpus ellipticum, diu-um ; protliorace && augidos posticos valde producto,

prostcrno antice producto.

Pedes gracUes, contractiles.

Tarsi 5-articulati, gracUes, recepti.
I

L Habitant infoliis arborum, inter lichenes, vel in arenosis ; currentes.

r Maxilltp bUobse. (Mandibul<s ad apieem plerumque fissce.)
Antenna 11-art., plus miuusvc breves et serrato-filifonnes ; in fovea

prosterui sa'pius rejioneudic.
Carpus plus minusve angusto-oblongum, durum ; prothorace ad augulos
posticos valde ])roducto, 2>rosterno antice et posticc producto (postice
i s])iniformi, spina in mcsosterniuu I'ccepta).

Pedes breviusculi, subcoutractUes.

Tarsi 5-articulati, simplices vel laminiferi ; unguiculis modo simplicibus
modo serratis.

Habitant super pJantas, vel in ligno antiquo ; (dorso inipositce) resilicntes.

Maxillw bUobsB. (Palpi labiales in typicis furcati, sed in geuere nostro

simplices.)
Antenna 11-art., breves, fdiformes vel subscrrata-.

Carpus plus minusve ovalum vel hemispliipricum (in typicis molle) ;
■^ prosterno simplici.

Pedes sat graciles, postici iutcrdum saltatorii.
Tarsi 5-articulati.

Habitant in paludosis, eel etiam sub cortice laxo ; interdum agre saltanftv.

FAMILIARUM DIAGNOSES.

XXV

Fam. 27. TELEPHOBiDiB

86. Malthodes (1).

L

■ Maxillw bilobaa. {Mandihulce graciles, acute.)

Antennm 10-11-art., mediocres, filiformes ; ad basin plus minusve ap-
proximate.

Cm-pus sa^pius elongato-lineare, molle ; prostemo simplici ; elyfris Sfepe

abbreviatis, alas detegentibus.
Pedes longiusculi, subgraciles.
Tarsi 5-articuIati, articulo penultimo bUobo.

Habitant inter flores {prasertim tmlelliferos), velin apricis graminosis ;
heiie volant es.

Fam. 28. MELyEiD.E

87. Malac/iius (1).

88. Pecteropi(s (3).

89. Dasyies (1).

90. Melyrosoma (2).

-Maxillce bilobae. (Ifandibulce latae, ad apicem ssepius acutfe, bifida?.)

Antenna! 11-art., breviusculse, plus minusve serrato-iiliformes, (ui maribus
interdiun pectiaatfe).

Cor2ms plus minusve elongato-oblongum, Isete coloratum, molle ; prosterno

simplici ; alis amplissimis.
Pedes plermnque longiusculi, subgraciles.
Tarsi 5-art. (aliquo articulo imo in maribus interdimi producto) ; ungui-

culis membrana auctis.

. Sahitant inflorihiis ; apricitate bene volantes.

Fam. 29. Clehidje

91. Opilus (1).

92. Necrobia (]).

MaxillcB bilobse. {Mandibulm infra apicem saepius unidentatse.)
Antenna 11-art., breves, plus minusve clavatfe (rarius serrato-filiformes) .
Corpus elongato-subcylindricum, pilosimi, lajte coloratum, pvmctatum,

durusciilum ; prostertio simplici.
Pedes longiusculi, pariun robusti, rarius subcontractUes.
Tarsi 5-art. (modo omnes, modo aliquo pari uno pseudotetrameri), art. 3°

vel 4° saepius bUobo.

Habitant inter flores,
ginem rodentes).

ligno antiquo ; vel etiam in ossibus (cartila-

Fam. 30. Ptinid.e

93. Ptinus (10).

94. Mezium (1).

95. Gmium (1).

96. Anobium (4).

r Maxilla 'h^6hx> (lobo interno lato). (Mandibulce dente plus minus\e
medio, obtuso instructs.)

Antenna: 11-art., breduscuL-e, filiformes vel subclavatsB ; saepe ad basin
ajjprosimatse.

Corpus plus minusve orbiculato-ovatum vel oblongum, diu-um ; prosterno
J simplici ; capite deflexo.

Pe&s longiusculi, graciles vel robusti, plenimque subeontractiles ; (tibiis
simplicibus).

Tarsi 5-articulati.

Habitant inter pelles, circa domos et in ligno antiguo ; vel inter lichenes in
aperto latentes.

Fam. 31. Cissidj:

97. Cm (3).

98. Oclotemnus (1).

99. Ptilinus (1).
100. Rhyzoperiha (1).

^Maxilla bilobae {lobo interno pleriunque minutissimo). (Mandibula ad
apicem ssepius bidentatae.)

Antenna 8-11-art., clavatae (clava laxa 3-art.), breves, distantes, (rariss.
flabeUato-serratae) ,

Corpus subcylindi'icum, durum ; protliorace antice producto, iuterdum
rugoso, prosterno simjslici ; capite deflexo.

Pedes breviusculi, subeontractiles ; {tibiis simplicibus, vel apicem versus

externum dentatis).
Tarsi 4-, vel 5-articulati.

Habitant in fungis, ligno antiqno, vel {rarius) circa domos ; sapius tere-
L brantes.

Cl

XXVI

FAMILIARUM DIAGNOSES.

C Lahrum ssepius obsolutum.
Maxilla lobu sinyulo lato cxarticulato plerumque instructae {in-

temo obsolete).
Antennce sjepius geniculate (art. 1° elongato), capitatfe vel
clavatse; y-12-art.

SectioVII. RHYNCHOPHORA. \ Corpus plus minusve elongato-ovatum vel cylindricum ; capile

(prEesertim in maribus) rostrato.
Pedes terrestrii (rarius subcontractiles) ; tibiis uncinatis vel

simplicibus.
Tarsi pseudotetrameri (i. e. 5-art., art. 3° bilobo 4"™ minutiss.
^^ recipiente), rariss. simplices.

I':iii\, 32. ToMICID^S... -

101. Tomicus (2).

102. Aphatiarthrum (1).
10.!. Leiparlhrum (4).

f Jllaaillce lobo singulo lato setoso instructse {interno obsoleto). {Mandi-

hulcB latae, obtusae.)
Lahrum obsoletum. Falpi (prajsertim maxiUares) crassi, couici. Ligula

elongata.
Antennce 8-11-art., capitatoe, breves, geniculatae (scapo longissimo), ad

margiuem capitis iusertiB.
Corpus cyliudricum ; protliorace antice producto, saepius rugoso ; capite

deflexo, vix rostrato.
Pedes brevissimi, robusti, subcontractiles ; (Jihiis saepius compressis,

extus dentatis).
Tarsi 5- (rariss. 4-) art., simplices (art. 4° saltern minutissimo), ad tibias

reponendi.

^ Habitant in ligno, vel sub cortice arborum ; valide terebrantes.

Fam. 33. Hylesinid.e

104. Phlceophthorus {\).

105. Ilijlurgus (2).
lOG. Hylastes (2).

Maxillce lobo singulo lato setoso iustructte {interna obsoleto). {Mandi-

hulcB latae, obtusiP.)
Labrum obsoletum. Palpi (j)ra?sertiiu maxiUares') crassi, couici. Ligiila

elongata.
Antennw 8-11-art., capitata;, breves, geniculatae (scapo lougissimo), ad

marginem capitis iusertse.
Corpus ovatum vel cylindricum ; prothorace leviter producto, rarius

rugoso ; capite deilexo, seusini rostrato.
Pedes breves, robusti, subcontractdes ; (tibiis saepius compressis, extus

dentatis).
Tarsi pseudotetrameri, ad tibias reponendi.

■ Habitant in ligno, vel sub cortice arborum ; valide terebrantes.

Vnm. 34. CUHCULIONID^B

MaxillcB lobo singulo lato setoso instructae {interno obsoleto). {Man-

dibiilcB latae, obtusiuscuLT.)
Labrum obsoletimi. Palpi crassi, couici. Ligula elongata.
Antennce 7-12-art., clavatie vel capitatae, geniculata) (scapo longissimo),

rostro scrobiculato insertae.
Corpus plus minusve elongato-ovatum, convesum ; capite saepius deflexo,

(iuterdum valde) rostrato.
Pedes modice elongati, rarius subcontractdes; {tibiis vel simplicibus,

vel ad apicem imciuatis).
Tarsi pseudotetrameri.

Habitant super arbores et plantas ; folia, semina, vel etiam ramos, destru-
entes.

rBostrum cylindricum vel filiforme, plerumque elonga-"^

T^. , I turn (rarius 1

Div. 1. ^ , ,

I Antennce ante vel

tum (rarius thoracc brerius). " [ Mecorl.gncln.

[^ oris) iusertic.

pone medium rostri (nee juxta sinum

FAMILIARUM DIAGNOSES.

XXVU

107. Rhyncolus (1).

108. Ph'ioeophngns (1).

109. Caiilofriipis (7).

110. Caiilopfdlus {\).

111. Stenotis (1).

112. Mesites (2).

U.S. Sitophilus (2).

114. Oon!«(l).

115. Cmiorhynchus (4).

116. C»/!0*«(1).

117. Acalles (13).

118. Tychitis {i).

119. P;ssorfe«(l).

120. Unis{b).

121. Ct/phoscelis (1).

122. Laporoceruf (1).

123. Jllanfis (14).

124. Omms (3).

125. Jtiemophilus (3).

126. Licheiiophagtcs {2).

127. Scoliocertts (2).

128. Trachyphlams (1).

Subf. 1. COSSONIDES.

.^m^ewMiB breves ;/i«KCMZo7-art.; eZaDasubsolida,adapicemspongiosa.
Pe(?es OM^ic* ad basin distantes vel approximati.

Subf. 2. Ehtjtchophoeides.

Antennce mediocres ; funiculo 6- (rarius 5-) art. ; elava subsolida

vel 2-art.
Tedes antici plerumque paulo longiores.

Subf. 3. ClONLDES.

Antenna breviuscuae ; funiculo 5-art. ; clavd 3-, vel 4-art.
Pedes antici ad basiu vel approximati vel distantes.

Subf. 4. Cbtptoehtnchibes.

Antenna mediocres ; funiculo 7-art. ; elava 4-art.

Bostrmn iuflexum, iu eaualiculam pectoralem distinetam appli-

candmn.
Pedes antici ad basin distantes.

Subf. 5. Eeibhinibes.

Antenna mediocres ; funiculo 7-art. ; clava 4-art.
Pedes antici ad basin approximati.

Div. 2.

f Bostrum plus minusve crassum et deforme, brevius-
euliun.
Antenna prope apieem rostri (saepe juxta sinum oris)
L insertse ; ssepissime 12 art* .

■ Braclii/rhi/nchi.

129. Eehinoaoma (1).

130. Hypera (3).

131. aemus (1).

132. Sitma (5).

Subf. 6. Ctclomides.

Canalicula antennalis subrecta, versus medium rostri ascendens.
Bostrum breve, subborizontale, lineare, teretiusculum (nonnunquam

apieem versus subattenuatum).
Corpus plerumque brevius, subovatiim, apterum.

Subf. 7. Byesopsibes.

Canalicula antennalis infra-ocularis, cui-vata vel obUqua,

Bostrum breve, iuflexiun, in canaUculam pectoralem plerumque

appUcandum.
Corpus sajpius ovatiuu, convexum, inaequale, squamosum, apterum ;

scuteUo nullo.
Tarsi plerumque angustati, setosi.

Subf. 8. MOLTTIDES.

Canalicula antennalis infra- (vel subinfra-) ocularis, curvata vel

obliqua.
Bostrum longius, deflexum, subcylindricum, paulo areuatum.
Corpus plus minusve oblongum, squamosum et pubescens, apterum

vel alatum.

Subf. 9. Cleonides.

Canalicula antennalis infra-ocularis, curvata vel obUqua.
Bostrum longiusculum, deflexum, apice saepius subincrassatum.
Corpus plerumque sat magnum, squamosum et pubescens, alatum
vel apteriuii.

Subf. 10. Beachtbeeides.

Canalicula antennalis infra-ocularis, curvata vel obliqua.

Bostrum breve (interdiun brevissimum), subborizontale, fere capitis

latitudine, plauiuseulum.
Corpus elongato-oblongum (rarius ovatum), alatum vel aptenun.

d2

XXVUl

FAMILIARUM DIAGNOSES.

Fam. 35. Attelabid.e

133. Apion (7).

134. ^ulelet (1).

■Maxilla loho singula lato setoso instructae (interno obsolete). {Mandibul<e

lata?, obtusiusculiB.)
Labrum obsoletiim. Palpi crassi, coiiici.

Antenna il-12-art., clavata? vel subfiliformes, rectae, rostro vis scrobi-
eulato insertie.

Corjms sfepius ovatuin, convexum ; capite subdefleso, (saepissime valde)

rostrato.
Pedes modice elongati ; (tibiis plerumque simplicibus).
Tarsi pseudotetrameri.

Halitant super plantas et arbores ; folia dcvorantes.

Fain. 36. BKrcHiD.s

r- Maxilla bilobae. (Mandibul<s robustae, acutiuseulae.)
Labrum distinetiim. Palpi sat elongati, filiformes.
Antennce ll-art., subfiliformes vel ciavatfe, rectae, rostro baud scrobicu-
lato insertae.

Cmpus rotundato-ovatxun, convexum ; capite deflexo, le\"iter rostrato,

lato ; elytris saepius abbreviatis.
Pedes modice elongati ; {tibiis plerumque simplicibus) : postici iuterdimi

vaUdiores.
Tarsi pseudotetrameri.

Habitant super plantas, semina destruentes ; inter lichenes, vel (rarius)
sub cortice arborum laxo.

135. Xetiorchestes (1).

Subf. 1. Ajs'thkibides.

Antenna apieem versus plerumque clavatse, (in maribus iuterduin

lougiores) .
Oculi integri.
Pedes postici baud validiores (scd rariss. subsaltatorii).

136. liruchus (3).

Subf. 2. Betjchibes.

Antenna filiformes, aut apieem versus leviter incrassatse et saepius

subscrrataj.
Oculi limati (i. e. intus profuude emarguiati).
Pedes postici plerumque validiores.

Scctio VIII. EUCERATA

Labrum exsertum (rariss. obsoletum).

MaxiUarum lobus externus exarticulatus ; intemus distinctus

(rariss. obsoletus).
Antenna plus minusvc longissimac, filiformes vel setaceae (rarius

serratag) ; ssepius 1 1 -art.
Corpus plerumque maguuui, elougatum ; oculis saepius lutus

emargiuatis.
Pedes terrestrii, lougiores; {femoribus SKpe clavatis).
Tarsi pseudotetrameri.

Fam. 37. Cehambicid.!

137. Stromatium (1).

138. P/iymalodes l\).

139. niabifwlm (I).

140. Trichofents (1).

141. ayim{l).

142. Deucalion (1).

Maxilla bUobae {lobe interno sat magiio), submembranacea;.

Antenna sjepius ll-art., lougissima;, filiformes vel serrata>, ad margiuem

oeulorum iutemum insertae.
Corpus magnum, plus ininusve paraUelum ; capite modo porrecto, modo

deflexo.
Pedes clougati ; (Jemoribus plus minusve clavatis) .

Habitant intra lignum antiquum, sub cortice, vel injloribus ; sapius bene
volantes.

FAMILIARUM DIAGNOSES.

XXIX

Sectio IX. PHYTOPHAGA

Maxillarum lobus externus seepius subarticulatus, pseudopalpi-

formis.
Antenrue brcviusculse, filifornies vel leviter incrassatae, plus

lainusve approximatse ; ssepius 11 -art.
Corpus ovale, crassura (rarius elongatum), ssepius Isete coloratuni

et glabi'um.
Pedes terrestrii ; {postici interdum saltatorii) .
Tarsi pseudotetrameri.

Fam. 38. Ceioceeid^.

143. Lema (1).

144. Crioceris (1).

- MaxiUis bilobiE (lobis latis subsequalibus, externa hand palpiformi), sub-

membranacea^.
Atitennce 11-art., apicem versus ssepius vis incrassatae, ad basin parum

distautes.
Corpus plus Tninusve elongato-oblongum, paralleluin, pictum ; abdomine

amplo.
Protliorax elytris angustior, ssepius subcylLndricus.
Pedes sat elongati ; {femorihus posticis interdum inerassatis, dentatis ;

tibiis saepe subcurvatis).

Habitant in plantis, prcesertim subaquaticis, vel inter flores ; folia et ramos

destruentes.

Fam. 39. Cassidid^:

145. Cassida (2).

' MaxillcB bilobas (loho ej;r angusto, recto, subpalpiformi ; inf parvo), cum

labio, membranaceaB.
AntenncB 11-art., breves, apicem versus sensim inerassati'e, ad basin

approximatae.
Corpus latimi, subtus deplanatimi, plus minusve rotmidatum ; prosterno

antice le^■iter producto.
Protliorax et elytra ad latera valde producti ; illo semicirculari, caput

obtegente.
P«c?es breves, retractiles ; #«>■« is latiuscuUs (art. 3° longe bUobo, 4"™ 5'"°""'-

ineludente) .

Habitant super folia plantarum, pracipiie in locis hiimidiusculis ; lente
repentes.

Fam. 40. GrALEErciD^

146. Haltica (2).

147. Longi/arsics (6).

148. Psylliodes (5).

f Ifaxillcs bdobse (lobo exf angusto, fracto, subpalpiformi; into' lato,
magno), membranaceae.

AntenncB 11- (rariss. 10-) art., longiusculae, subfUiformes, ad basin ap-
proximatae.

Corpus plus miuiisve ovatum, convexiuscidum.

Protliorax et elytra basi latitudiue ^■ix aequales.

Pedes sat gracdes, longiusculi ; (femoribus posticis saepissime inerassatis,
saltatoriis).

Habitant super folia plantarum, prcesertim in graminosis ; plerumque for-
titer salientes.

Fam. 41. CHETSOMELiD.a;

149. Mniophilosoma (1).

150. Cryptocephahts (1).

151. Chrysornela (1).

152. Gastrophysa (1).

^ Maxillce bdobae {lobo exf sfepius subpalpiformi, incurvo), submein-

branaceae.
AntenncB 11-art., breviusculae, filiformes vel leviter incrassatae, ad basiu

distantes.
Corpus rotuudato-, vel subcylindrico-ovatuni, convesum, crassum, saepe

splendore suj)erbiens.
Protliorax et elytra basi latitudine aequales.
Pedes sat robusti, subretractUes ; tarsis latiuscuUs.

Habitant in foliis plantarum ; apricitate gaudentes.

XXX

FAMILIARUM DIAGNOSES.

Sectio X. PSEUDOTRIMERA.

Fain. 42. Coccixellidje

153. Coccinetla (5).

154. Sci/7Hnus (6).

155. Khyzobius (1).

Fain. 43. Cortiophid:e ^

156. Cli/peaster (1).

157. Arthrolip/i (1).

158. Smcoderus (\).

159. Cnrylophus (1).
IGO. Gloeosoma (I).

C Maxillarum lobus extemits exarticulatus ; internus iuterdum ob-

soletus.
Antenna plus minus ve brevissimse, clavatae (rarius subfiliformes) ;

ssepius 11 -art.
Corpus ovale vel hemisphsericum, glabrum aut tenuiter pubescens.
Pedes terresti-ii (sajpius subcontractiles).
Tarsi pseudotrimeri (i. e. 4-art., art. 2° bilobo, 3"" minutiss. re-

cipiente).

^Maxilla bilobse. (Mandibula ssepius apice bifidas et dcnte sub-basali

iutemo instructae.)
AntcnncB ll-art., breAnssimse, clavatae, ad basin distantes.
Corpus plerumque hemispharicuin, supra convexum, subtus deplanatuni,

Sfppius Isete maculatiini.
Prothorax et elytra basi latitudine iequales.
Pedes subeontraetiles ; unguiculis ssepius dente basali armatis (rarius

apice bifidis).

Habitant svper folia plantariim, in cultis, vel ad vias ; Aphides devoranies.

Maxilla lobo sinpilo imgnsto, elongate, recto, apice denticulato, instructae

(interna obsoleto).
Mandibiilee plerumque apice denticulate, per marginem iutemmn in-

terdum crcnulatte.
Antennrs 9-11-art., breriusculae, elavata; vel subclavatae, ad basin distantes

vel subapproximatae.
Corpus ovatum vel hemispliiericuiii, minutiim, saepius supra et subtus

subcouvexum ; alls plei'uiiique amplis eiliatis.
Prothorax et elytra basi latitudine aequales ; illo ad latera et antice pro-

dueto, caput obtegente.
Pedes gracUes, subcontractUes ; (postici valde distantes).
Tarsi 4-articulati, simplices.

Habitant inter pJantas {prcccipue Endogenas) sub f bra stirpium, vel sub
folia dejecta; cursitantes.

Sectio XI. ATRACHELIA

Fam. 44. Anisotomidjs

161. Slagonomorp/ia (1).

MandibulcE saepius ad apicem bifidae, et in medio fisso-sinuatse.
Maxillarum lobus externus exarticulatus : palpi max. art. ultimo

saepius sccuriformi.
Antenna plerumque breviusculaj, filiformes, apice leviter incras-

satae (rarius clavatae) ; saepius sub frontis margine insertae

et ll-art.
Corpus durum, plerumque baud pilosum et obscure coloratum >

capite in cavo prothoracico usque ad oculos immerse.
Pedes terrestrii ; tibiis bicalcaratis, et saepius ad apicem minute

spinulosis.
Tarsi beteromeri (i. e. anteriores 5-, postici 4-art.) ; rariss. omnes

5-, vel 4-art.

Maxilla bdobae (rariss. lobo singulo instructae). (Mandibulce apice in-

tegrae vel bifida?.)
Antenna 9-11-art., breviuseulae, cbivatae (articulo clavae seeundo saepe

niiuuto).
Corpus plus minusve orbiculato-ovatxim, glabrum ; capite sa;pe ad pectus

arete appbcando.
Prothorax et elytra valde convexi, basi l.itituduie aequales.
Pedes subeontraetiles ; {tibiis plus minusve curvatis et spinosis).
Tarsi modo 4-, modo 5-articulati, mode beteromeri.

Habitant in innbrosis humidis, sub truncis arborum marcidis. vel inter
quisquilias ; cursitantes.

FAMILIARUM DIAGNOSES.

XXXI

Fam. 45. Diapeeid^

162. Ellipsodes (1).

163. Phaleria (1).

' MaxiUce bilobae {lobo inf simplici). Mentum\iAs\ plerumque angus-
tatum.
AnteniicB ll-art., breviusculfe, apicem versus plus minusve moniliformes

et iiicrassatfe.
Corpus elliptieum vel ovatum, alatum vel apterum, plerumque glabrum,
■^ convexum, colore inetallico.

Pedes breviusculi ; tihiis interdum spinulosis ; tarsis u7i(/uicuUsqae siin-
pUcibus {his rariss. denticulatis).

Habitant in fungis, sub cortice arborvmi laxo, vel etiam sub lapidibus ;

latentes.

Fam. 46. Tenebeionidj;.

161. Cerandria (1).

165. Tribolium (1).

166. Boromorphus (1).

167. Calcar{\).

168. Tenebrio (2).

169. Alphilobim (1).

Fam. 47. Opatbid^

170. Opatrum (2).

171. Hadrus(i).

Fam. 48. Blapsib^ .

172. Macrostethus (\).

173. Blaps{2).

Fam. 49. Tentteiad.s

174. Hec/eter (1).

Fam. 50. Helopidj;

175. Helops (9).

' MaxillcE bilobse {lobo inf simplici). Mentum basi plenunque leviter an-

gustatum.
AnteniKs ll-art., breves, apicem versus plus minusve moniliformes et

leviter incrassatai.
Corpus Uueari-elougatum (rarius ovale), plerumque alatum, depressius-

culum, colore obscuro.
Pedes longiuscuH, robusti ; tarsis unffuicuUsque simplicibus.

Habitant in domibus,pistrinis mercatorumque repositoriis {prcssertim inter
farinas') ; scepe commercium seqttentes.

'Maxilla; biloba? (lobo inf plerumque simplici). Clypeus antice ssepius
profuude bilobus.
Antenna ll-art., breviusculae, apicem versus plus minusve moniliformes
et vix incrassatse.
<! Corpus oblongum vel ovale, apterum vel alatum, depressiusculum, in-
terdiuu pilosum, colore obscuro.
Pedes longiuscidi, sat graciles ; tai'sis unguiculisqae simplicibus.

Habitant in aridis maritimis, prmsertim sub lapidibus, vel ad graminum
radices ; latentes.

Maxilla bilobse {lobo inf saepius biuncinato).

Antenncs ll-art., breviusculse, apicem versus moniliformes et leviter

incrassatse.
Corpus maguum, elougatum, crassiun, plerumque apterum, nigrum;

elytris counatis.
Pedes elongati ; tarsis unguiculisqae. simplicibus.

Habitant circa domes, vel {prcecipue in cavernis) per oram maritimam ;
lucem fugientes.

'Maxillce bOoba; {lobo inf saepius simplici): palpi max. art" ult" minus

inflato. Mentum amplum.
Antennm ll-art., breviusculfe, filiformes, vel apicem versus vis incra^f-

satse.
Corpus magnum, plus minusve crassum, plerumque aptenmi, nigrum ;

elytris ssepius counatis.
Pedes elongati ; tarsis unguictdisque simplicibus.

^Habitant in cavernis maritimis, vel sub lapidibus in aperto ; sese abdentes.

( Maxilla bilobiE (lobo inf sspius simplici, obtuso). Mentum minuseulum,
subquadratiun.
Antenna ll-art., longiusculae, fiUformes, apicem versus \ax sensim in-

crassatse.
Corpus magnum, ss'pius oblongo-ovatum, convexum, alatum vel apterum ;

elytris liberis vel counatis.
Pedes elongati; tarsis anterioribus in maribus saepe leviter dilatatis ;
wnguicuUs simplicibus.
^ Habitant sub lapidibus, cortice laxo, vel in cavernis ; sese occultantes.

XXXll

FAMILIARUM DIAGNOSES.

SectioXII. TRACHELIA

Mandibula ad apicem bifidse vel integrre, in medio
sinuatfe.

siepe

Film. .51. QiDEMERID.K
170. Stenarh (1).

Fam. 52. Meloid.t. >

177. Meloe{3).
17«. Zonith {!).

i'ain. 53. Moedellid^ <

179. Anaspk (1).

l";im. 51.

AMiiicxD.r, <

180. ArUhicta (4).

181. XyUtphihts (\).

Maxillarum lobus exf" exarticulatus ; int'" simplex, obtusus.
Antenna plerumque longiusculae, filiformes (rariss. pectinatae) ;

ssepius 11 -art.
Corpus plus minusve moUe et Isete coloratum, plerumque ala-

tum ; capite postice lato, truncato, in cavo prothoracieo

usque ad oculos baud inimerso.
Pedes terrestrii; tibiis srepius bicalcaratis [calcariis interduni

mobilibus, sequalibus).
Tarsi heteromeri (art. penultimo ssepe bilobo).

"" Maxillw bilobse (apice interdum longe pencillatae) : palpi maa:. filiformes,
vel art" idt° seciu-iformi.

Antenna 10-12-art., longiuscidae, filiformes, vel etiam setaceas.

Corpus angusto-elongatuin, la^te coloratum ; capite porrecto ; prothorace.

elytris (postice subatteuuatis) augustiore.
Pedes elongati ; femoribus masculis sjepe incrassatis ; tarsis plerumque

art" penult" bilobo ; unguicuUs simplicibus.

~ Habitant injlorihus; apricitate volare gaudentes.

Ma-xiU<B bilobae : palpi max. subfiliformes (art" idt" vix inflate).

Antenna ll-art., longiuscula;, filiformes, vel in medio incrassatse (in
maribus interdum coutortre) .

Corpus magnum, interdum pictum vel apterum ; capite defleso ; elytris
Siepe abbreviatis, complicantibus.

Pedes elongati ; calcariis sa>pe ina^qualibus ; tarsis simpHeibus ; ungui-
cuUs bifidis (interdiun pectinatis).

Habitant super folia plantarwm liwmilmm, pigrcB ; vel inter arboresflo-
resque, bene volantes.

Maxillw bUobfe : palpi max. art" ult" plerumque securiformi.

Antenna ll-art., brcWusculae, filiformes ; vel apicem versus subserratse,

pectinatiB aut flabellata;.
Corpus arcuatiun, pietum, subtus subcarinatiun ; capite inflexo ; elgtris

acuminatis, s»pe abbreviatis.
Pedes (prjcsertini postici) elongati ; calcariis longis ; tarsis simplicibus ;

unguicuUs simplicibus vel bifidis.

_ Habitant injloribus (pracipue umbelUJ'eri^) ; vix assultim festinantes.

' Maxillm bilobse : palpi max. art" ult° magno securiformi.

Antenna ll-art., breviusculae, apicem versus sensim incrassatae.

Corpus parvum, plus minusve elongatum et pictum ; capite peduneulato ;

prothorace basi eonstricto.

Pedes breviusciili, gracUes ; tarsis art" penult" ssepius bilobo ; unguicuUs
simpUcibus.

Habitant in graminosis et sub lapidibus, vel inter flores ; sese interdum
congregantes.

Sectio XI 11 . BRACHELYTRA.

Maxillarum lobus extemus exarticulatus.

Antenna breviuscula^, filiformes, vel leviter incrassatae (rariss.
clavatse); 9-11-art.

Corpus plus minusve angusto-clongatum • capite plerumque
baud immcrso ; elytris abbreviatis (rariss. integris), abdo-
men magnum, durum, mobile detegcntibus.

Pedes terrestrii ; tibiis sa-jiius bicalcaratis.

Tarsi plerumque 5-art. ; sed interdum 1. 5. 5 ; vel omnes 4-, aut
etiam 3-art.

FAMILIARUM DIAGNOSES.

XXXlll

Fam. 55. Sctdm^dnidje

182. ScydnKBnus (1).

Fam. 56. SiAPHrLTNiDiE <

183. Falagria (1).

184. Tackyusa (1).

185. Xenomma (3).

186. Hrmalofa (15).

187. O.vj/poda (1).

188. Almchara ^4).

189. OUgota (1).

190. Somatium (1).

191. Conurus (3).

192. Tac/ii/jiorus (2).

193. Hahrocerus (1).

194. Tachinns (1).

195. Trichophya (1).

196. Mycetoporus (1).

197. OMras (2).

198. Xantholinus (2).

199. Staphylmus (1).

200. Philunthus (7).

201. Achenium (1).

202. Lathrobium (1).

203. Lilhocharis (3).

204. Rugilus (1).

205. Sunius (2).

206. Mecognatkus (1).

Maxilla; bilobse. Pa/j)j art" ult" minutissimo, subulato.

Antenna! ll-art., longiiisculfe, sensim clavat® (clavii lasa, 3- vol 4-art.).

Corpus miniitum, ovatimi ; prothorace basi constricto ; elytris abdomen

totum tegentibus.
Pedes longiusculi, graciles.
T«r«i 5-art., simplices.

Habitant in graminosis, cultis, vel inter muscos ; interdum una cum for-
micis degentes.

Maxillce bilobfe. Palpi art" ult" vel elongate, vel parvo subulato (rariss.
seciu'iformi).

AntenncB ssepiiis 11- (rarms 10-, rariss. 9-) art., filiformes vel leviter

iuerassatse, iuterdum geniculata\
Corpus elongatiim (rarius ovatum) ; protliorace vel elj-trorum latitudine,

vel lis (abbreviatis) vix angustiore.
Pedes lougiusci.ili vel breviusciili ; {anteriores plerumqiie paiilo bre\-iores,

vaUdiores).
Tarsi S-S-art. ; vel ant' 4-, et posf 5-art. ; (sed plerumque omnes 5-art.).

Habitant in quisquiliis, per margines aquarmn, vel in stercore ; scepius
valde voraces.

Subf. 1. Aleochaeides.
MandibwlcB ssepius muticse. Palpi max. art° iilt" parvo, subidato.
AntenncB 11- (rarius 10-) art., ad ocidorum margiuem internum

insertfe, rectae, subfiliformes.
Ligula angusta, porreeta, plerumque apice bifida.
Corpus parvum, ssepius liueare, depressiuseulum ; Idbro integro.
Tarsi 5- (rarius 4-) art. ; vel antici 4-, et posteriores 5-art. : {antici
nonnunquam dilatati).

Subf. 2. Tachtpoeibes.

MandibulcB ssepius muticse. Palpii max. art" ult" vel parvo subulato,

vel prscedente sequali.
AntemicB 11- (rarius 10-) art., infra ocidos sub frontis margine iu-

sertie, rectse, subfiliformes.
Ligula lata, plerumque biloba.

Corpus pai'vum, ssejiius fusiforme, convexiusculiun ; labro integro.
Tibia (vel omnes, vel jjosteriores solum) ssepius spiuulosje.
Tarsi 5- (rarius 4-) art. : {antici ssepe dilatati).

Subf. 3. Staphtlinides.
MandibulcB sfepius medio dentatse. Palpi max. art" idt" prseeedente

subsequali.
AntenncB ll-art., in frontis margine anteriore insertse, ssepe genicu-

latfe et leviter incrassatse.
Ligula parva, biloba vel iutegra.

Corpus plerumque magnum, Uneare, depressiuscidum ; labro bilobo.
TibicB (vel omnes, vel posteriores solum) ssepius sjjinidosse.
Tarsi 5-art. : {antici, prsesertim in maribus, ssepe dilatati).

Subf. 4. P^debides.

MandibulcB tenues, elongatse, medio dentatse. Palpi max. art" ult°

minuto, saspius subulato.
AntenncB ll-art., iufi-a oculos sub frontis margine insertsB, plerumque

rectse, filiformes.
Ligula bUoba, lobis modo approximatis modo distantibus.
Corpus parvusculiim, ssepius angusto-filiforme ; labro bilobo, vel

bidentato.
Prothorax immarginatus. Sctitellum distinctum, triangulare.
Tarsi 5-art. : {antici iuterdiun dilatati).

XXXIV

FAMILIARUM DIAGNOSES.

207. Slenux (4).

208. Platijsthetus (2).

209. Oxylelus (5).

210. Trogophlceus (1).

211. Omaliiim (2).

212. ileffart/iriis {\).

213. Metopsia (1).

Subf. 5. Stehtdes.

Mandlbulce tenues, elongatoe. pone apicem valde unideutatse.
Palpi max. art" 1° elongato, ult" iniuutissimo {yrs. observaudo).
Antennm ll-art., inter oculos (in fronte) plerumque insertse, reetse,

clavatse.
LiguJa levissime mento afSxa(quare, insecto moriente, cum cesophago

ssepe prolabitur) .
Corpus parvusculum, filiforme ; capite maguo ; lahro intcgro vel

denticulato.
Prothorax immarginatus. Scutellum vis distinctum. Coxa antica:

minuta;.
Tarsi 5- (rarius 4-) art., graciles.

Subf. G. OxYTELIDES,

Mandihulcd validiores, sa?piu3 dentata;. Palpi max. art" ult" j)le-

rumque subidato.
AntenntB 11- (rarius 10-) art., sub froutis margiuc laterali insertae,

saepe refracta;, subiucrassatse.
LiguJa apice sLuuata, vel bUoba (rarius integra).
Corpus parvum, liueare, subcylindi'icum vel depressimi ; labro mem-

braua utrinque acumiuata aueto.
Tarsi 3- (in speeiebus aberrautibus 5-) art., plenunque gracUes.

Subf. 7. Omaliakes.
Mandibulw breves, sapius muticse. Palpi max. filiformes, art" ult°

lougiusculo.
Antennce ll-art., sub frontis margins laterali inserts, recta?, apicem

versus vis iucrassata".
Ligula lata, bUoba. Maxillarum lohus internus unco comco armatus.
Corpitts parvum, Uueari-oblongum, depressum ; fronte oceUis duobus

iustructa.
Elytra pectore longiora, angidis exterioribus apicalibus rotundatis.
Tarsi 5-art. : {aiitici rarius subdQatati) .

Subf. 8. PEOTErNIDES.

Mandibulce breves, mutica>. Palpi max. filiformes, art" ult" lougi-
usculo.

AiiteniicE 11- (rai-ius 9-) art., sub frontis margine laterali insertae,
reetae, subclavatse.

Ligula biloba (rariss. integra). Maxillarum hints internus unco
(iuterdum dupUce) armatus.

Corptts parvum, saepius ovatum, latiusciilum, depressinu ; fronte
rarius ocello iustructa.

Elytra pectore lougiora. Coxae antica cylindricsB, baud exsertse.

Tarsi 5- (vel 3-) art., bre^^useuli.

CATALOGUS TOPOGRAPHICUS.

Sectio I. GEODEPHAGA.

Fam. 1. Carabidae.

(Subf. 1. Brachinides.)

1. Tarus, Clairv.

1. liueatus, Schon

2. sutm-alis, Dej

Dromius, Bon.

3. insularis, Woll.. .
■ sigma, Rossi, a.
4.^ , |3.

5. avenieolus, M^oll

6. obscuioguttatus, {Anders.) Dufts.

7- negrita, IVoll

8. glabiatus, {Meg.) Dufts

(Subf. 2. Scaritides.)

3. ScARiTES, Fab.

Tabbreviatus, {Koll.) Dej. a.

9J

y-

10. Uumeralis, Woll.

4. Apotomus, Hoffm.
1 1 . rufus, Rossi . .

(Subf. 3. Carabides.)

5. Calosoma, Weber

12. Maderse, Fab

(J. NoTioPHiLus, Dum.
1.3. gemiaatus, Dej.

(Subf. 4. Harpa/ides.)

(Div. 1. Chlecniidea.)
7. LORICERA, Lat.

14. WoUastonii, Javet

8. EURYGNATHUS, Woll.

] r f Latreillei, Lap

■ t , var. /3.

9. Zargus, Woll.

16_ Schaumii, Woll.
17 Desertfc, Woll . .

1 q' / pellucidus, Woll.

(Div. 2. Pterostichidea.)
10. Pristonychu.s, Dp/.

19. alatus. Woll

11. Calathus, Bon.

20. viviiUis, Fab

C coniiilanatus, {Koll.) Dej. a

(3

• 7

21.

22. fuscus. Fab.

12. Anchomenus, Ban.

no J pallipes, Fab. . . .

' \ , vai

2-1. marginatiis, Linn.

13. Olisthopus, Dej.

oc / Maderensis, Woll

■ \ , var. ;

26. Erica;, n-oW

27. elongatus, Woll.

14. Argutor, {Meg.) Steph.

28. robustus, Woll. . .

29. gracilipes, Woll. . .

30. dilaticollis, Woll. . .

31

■{

curtus, Woll.

-, var. /3.

15. Omaseus, (Ziegl.) Steph.

32. nigerrimus, Dej. . . .

33. Wollastoui, Heer . . .

16. Amara, Bon.

04 rtrivialis, Gyll

"''^-l , var. /3..

35. superans, Woll

(Div. 3. Harpalidea.)
17. Anisodactylus, Dej.

36. binotatus, Fab

18. Harpallls, Lat.

on / attenuatus, Steph

' I • — — ■ — ■ , var.

38. litigiosus, Dej

39. distinguendus, Duffs. . .

{vividus, Dej. a
^
y

19. Ophonus, {Ziegl.) Steph.
41. obscurus, Fab

20. Stenolophus, {Meg.) Steph.

42. Teutonus, Schr.

43. dorsalis. Fab

S

XXXVl

CAT2VLOGUS TOPOGRAPHICUS.

21. Bbadycellus, Erich.

44. fulvus, Mshm

r / exc-ultus, H'olt

^■\ , var. 3-

45.

22. Trechl-s, Clairr.

4C. timicola. IV'oll

,- r nigrocruciatiis, IV'oll.

■{

flavomar<»inatus, IV oil.

var. fi.

48

49. (lilutiis, n'oK.

r,, r umbricola, IVoll

•""■ 1 , var. /3.

51. quailrieollis, tt'oll

52. custos, H'oll

53. alticola, VV'oll

54. cautus, VV'oll

-, var. 3.

23. Thalassophilus, WoU.
55. Whitei, Wall

24.

(Subf. .). Bembidiades.)

BEMiiinifM, Lat.

56. bistriatum, {Meg.) Dufts. .

57. curvimanum, JVoll

5^. Luoasii, Diiral

59. obtusum, Sturm

Atlaiiticum, Jl'oU. a

,

60.

61. tabellatum, Woll.

62. elougatura, Dej.

63. Schmidtii. Woll.

Sectio II. IIYDRADEPIIAGA.

Fani. 2. Dytiscida.

25. CoLYMnETES, Clairv.

64. Lanio, Fab

26. Agabus, Leach

65. bi])iistulatiis, Ijinn

/-/- f uebiilosus, Forst

\' I , var. ^

67. Mailerensis, H'oll

27. IIvDROPORus, Clairv.

68. vijiilaus, Holt

69. contlueiis. Fab

Fani. 3. Gyrinidae.

28. GvRlNUS, Linn.

70. uatator, Linn

Sectio III. PniLlIYDllIDA.

Fnm. 4. Pamidse.

29. Parnu-s Fab.

71. prolifcricoriiis, Fab

Fam. ."). Hydrophilidae.

30. OcHTHEBius, Leach

72. 4-foveolatus, (Mots.) Woll.

31. Calobils, Woll.

73. Heeri, Woll

32. LiMXEBits, Leach

74. grandicollis, Woll.

33. Laccobius, Erich.

75. minutus, Linn. . . .

34. HvDROBirs, Leach

76. cuiiglobatiis, Woll.

35. Philhydbus, Sol.

-„ J melanocephalus, Oliv

''•L , var. a.

Fam. 6. Sphaeridiadse.

36. Dactylosternum, Woll.
78. Roussetii, Woll

37- SPH.ERIDIUM, Fab.

79. bipustulatum, Fab.

38. Cercyon, Leach

80. inquiiiatiim, Woll

81. fimetarium, Woll

O.J r ct'iitriniaculatum, Sturtn

83. qiiisquilium, Lin

Sectio IV. NECROPHAGA.

Fam. 7. SilpMdae.

39. Catops, Payk.

84 . velox, Sj>ence

Fam. 8. Ptiliadae.

40. ACRATUICHIS, Mots.

85. umbricola, /I 0//. ..

86. fasoicularis, Ilerbst

87. pumilaj Erich

41. Ptenidium, Erich.

88. apicale, {Sturm) Gillm.

Fam. 9. Phalacridae.

42. Olibri s, Erich.

89. Cinerarias Woll

90. l)i(()lor, Fab

91. liquidus, Erich

92. cousiiuilis, Mshm . . . .

Fam. 10. Nitidulidae.

43. CARroPHii.rs. [Leach) Steph.

93. inutihitius, (Hoffm.) Erich.

94 . auropilosus, 1 1 oil

95. hcmipterus, Linn

44. NiTiDi'LA, Fab.

96. flexuosa, 0/ir. . .

97. 4-pustulata, Fab.

CATALOGUS TOPOGRAPHICUS.

xxxvu

98. discoidea, Fab.

99. obsoleta. Fab..

45. Pkia, [Kirby) Staph.

100. Dulcamarae, Scop.

■]6. Meligethes, (Kirby) Steph.
1Q1 J Isoplexidis, ]Voll.

-, var. /3.

102. tristis, (Schilpp.) Sturm

103. picipes, Sturm

1 j^ . J varicollis, IVoll

-, vai-. 13.

47. Xenostrongylus, Woll.
105. histrio, IVoll

Fam. 11. Colydiadae.

48. Tarphius, (Germ.) Erich.

106. parallelus, H'oll

107. Lowei, IVoll

108. inornatus, Wall

109. spinipes, Woll

110. sylvicola, IVoll

111. rotundatus, (I'oW. ..

112. Lauri, IVoll

113. compactus, IVoll. ..

114. nodosus, JVoll

115. cicatricosus, JVoll. . .

116. testudinalis, Woll. . .

117. tnineatus, IVoll

118. echinatus, IVoll

119. brevicoUis, JVoll. . .

120. rugosus, IVoll

49. COSSYPHODES, IVestw.

121. WoUastonii, JVestw.

50. Phlceosoma, Wall.

122. elliptieum, JVoll.

51. EuROPS, JVoll.

123. impressicollis, JVoll.

62. Lyctus, Fab.

124. brunneus, Steph. . .

Fam. 12. Trogositidse.

53. Trogosita, Oliv.

125. niauritanica, Linn.

126. serrata, JVoll

Fam. 13. Cncujidse.

54. Cryptamorpha, JFoW.

127. Mus», JJ'oll

55. L^MOPHLCEUS, (Dej.) Erich.

128. Donacioides, JVoll

129. granulatus, JJ'oll

130. vermiculatus, JVoll

131. pusillus, Schiin

132. feiTugineus, (Creutz.) Steph.

133. clavicollis, JVoll

134. axillaris, JVoll

135. Stenoides, Woll

56. SiLVANUS, hat.

136. Siirinamensis, hinn. . .

137. dentatus, Mshm

138. adyena, (Kunze) JValtl.

Fam. 14. Cr3rptophagicL8e.

57. Cryptophagus, Herbst

139. affinis, Sturm

483. Nitiduloides, JVoll. . .

58. Diphyllus, Redt.

140. lunatus, Fab

59. Hypocoprus, Mots.

141. Motschulskii, JVoll.

60. Ephistemus, (JJ'estio.) Steph.

142. dimidiatus, Sturm

143. alternans, fVoll

Fam. 15. Lathridiadae.

61. Choloyocera, Mots.

144. Madera, (JJ'estw.) JVoll. ..

62. Holoparamecus, Curtis

145. niger, (Chevr.) Aube

63. CORTICARIA, Mshm

146. rotulicoUis, JVoll

147. crenicollis, Mann

148. fidva, ( Cherr.) Mann

149. rotuudicoUis, JJ^oll

150. cuita, JVoll

151. Fagi, HoM

64. Lathridius, Herbst

152. assimilis, Mann

153. miuutus, Linn

154. tiansveisus, Oliv

65. Metophthalmus, (Mots.) JVoll.

155. asperatus, JVoll

Fam. 16. Mycetophagidae.

66. Bekoinus, (Dej.) Erich.

156. Tamarisci, (Dej.) JVoll. . . .

67. MiCROCHONDRUS, (Gue'r.) JVoll.
157. domuum, (Guer.) Woll.. . .

68. TYPH.5SA, (Kirby) Steph.
158. fumata, Linn

69. LiTARGUS, Erich.
159. pictus, JVoll.

Fam. 17. DermestidsB.

70. Dermestes, Linn.

160. vulpinus. Fab.

71. Attagenus, Lat.

161. megatoma. Fab.

72. Anthrenus, Geoffr.

162. varius, Fab. . .

XXX^Ill

CATALOGUS TOPOGRAPHICUS.

Sectio V. CORDYLOCEEATA.

Fam. 18. Byrrhidae.

73. SV.NCALYPTA, (Dillw.) Stepk.

16.3. capitata, IVoll

Ifi-I. ovulit'ormis, H'oll

1()5. horrida, IVoll

Fam. 19. Histeridae.

74. HisTER, Lhiii.

16(). major, Linn.

75. Paromalts, Erich.

1()7. minimus, (Dej.) Aube
1()8. pumilio, Erich

7(). Saprixur, Erich.

169.

r iiitiduliis. Fab.

-, var. (3.

170. chalcites, Illig.

171. mctallicus, Herbst .

Fain. 20. Thorictidae.

77. Thorictls, Germ.

172. Wcstwoodii, >KoH.

Fam. 21. Aphodiada.

78. .Vi>HODiis, lllig.

17.'i. lIy(lroclia;ris, Fab..

\'4. nitidnlus, Fab. . . .

1 75. nifus, lllig

176. lividus, Oliv

177- Pedrosi, do//. ..

178. granarius, Linn.. . .

79. OxYOMUS, (Esch.) De Casteln.

179. Ileincckeni, f\'oU

180. brevicoUis, JVoU

80. PsAMMODIt'S, Gyll.

181. sabulosus, (Dej.) Mulst

182. ca;siis, Pnz

Fam. 22. Trogidae.

SI. Trox, Fab.

18.3. scaber, Linn

Fam. 23. Glaphyridae.

82. Chas.matoi'terus, (Dej.) Lai.
1 84 . uigrocinctus, IVoll

Sectio VT. PRIOCERATA.

Fam. 2). Throscidae.

83. Trixagis, Kuf/ell.

185. gracilis, H'oll

Fam. 25. Elateridae.

84. COPTOSTETIICS, l\'oll.

186. femoratus. Wall

Fam. 26. Cyphonidae.

85. EUCINETUS, Schiipj).

187. ovum, IVoll

I

Fam. 9.7. Telephoridae.

86. Malthodes, Kies.

188. Kiesenwetteri, iVoll.

Fam. 28. Melyi-idae.

87. Malaciiils, Fab.

189. militaris, WoU

88. Pecteropts, H'oll.

} lladerensis, IVoll.

190.

191. nigosus, Wall.

' rostratus. Wall. a.

, var. B.

192.|;

89. Dasytes, Payk.

193. illustris, {Mots.) IVotl.

90. Melyrosoma, Woll.

194. oceanicum, Woll.

195. Artemisia;, Woll.

Fam. 29. Cleridae.

91. Opilus, Lat.

196. mollis, Linn. . . .

92. Necrobia, Oliv.

197. nificoUis, Thung.

Fam. 30. Ptinidae.

93.

Ptinvs, Linn.

198. advena, Woll

199. mauritanicus, Lucas

200. Dawsoni, Woll

201. pinguis, Woll

202. orbatus, Woll

203. nodulus. Woll

204. pilula, Woll

f albopictus, Woll. a.

B.

205.

206. longicornis, Woll.

207. fragilis, Woll

94. Mezium, (Leach) Curtis
208. sulcatum. Fab. . . .

95. GiBBiLM, Scop.
209. scotias, Fab.

96. .\xoBifM, Fab.

210. vdatum, Woll. . .

211. jiaiiiooum, Linn...

212. striatum, Olir. . .

213. Ptilinoides, Woll.

Fam. 31
97

Cissids.

Ci.s, Lnl.

214. Wolla.stouii, Mellie

215. fuscipcs. (Cheer.) Mellii

216. Lauri, do//

98. Octotemxvs, Mellie'
217- opacus, Mellie'

99. Ptiunus, Geoffr.

218. cylindripimiis, IVoll.

CATALOGUS TOPOGRAPHICUS.

XXSIX

100. Rhyzopertha, Steph.
219. pusilla, Fab. . . .

Sectio VII. RHYNCHOPHORA.

Fam. 32. Tomicidse.

101. ToMicus, Lat.

220. villosus, Fab

221. T>ohrmi, IVoll

102. Aphanarthrum, M'oH.
222. Euphorbia:, JVoll.

103. Leiparthrum, WoU.

223. maiidibulare, JVoll. . .
[ bitul)eiculatum, IVoll.

1-

22J.

225. cm-tum, Wall.. . .

226. Artemisiae, ll'oll.

-, var. fi.

Fam. 33. Hylesinidae.

104. PHLCEOPHTHORr.S, l\'olL

227. perfoliatus, IVoll. . .

105. Hylurgus, Lat.

228. ligniperda. Fab.

229. piuiperda, Linn.

106. Hylastes, Erich.

230. Trifolii, MM.

231. clavus, IVolt.

Fam. 34. Curculionidae.
(Div. 1. MecorhyncU.)

(Subf. 1. Cossonides.)

107. Rhy'NCOLUS, (Creutz.) Germ.

232. tenax, Woll

108. PHLfEOPHAGus, Schon.

233. sulcipennis, Woll

109. Caulotrupis, IVoll.

234. lacertosus, JVoll. .
( lucifugus, JVoll. a.

235. ^-

y.

L d.

236. impius, JVoll

237. terebrans, JVoll

OQQ / Chevrolatii, JJ'oll

239. opacus, JJ^oll.

,y,r, ( comcollis, Jl^oll

■ \ , var. (i.

110. Caulophilus, JJ'oll.

241. sculptiiratus, JVotl.

111. Stenotis, JVoll.

242. acicula, JJ'oll

112. Mesites, Schiin.

■ Euphorbife, JJ'oll

243. -1 , var. /3.

, var. y.

c,., J lladerensis, JJ'oll.

■ L , vai-. I

(Subf. 2. Rhynchophorides.)

113. SiTOPHiLUS, Schiin.

245. granarius, Linn

246. Oiyza;, lyj'nn

(Subf. 3. Cionides.)

114. CiONUs, Clairv.

247. pulcheUus, Herbst . . .

(Subf. 4. Cryptorhynchides.)

115. Ceutorhynchus, (Sckujip.) Schon.

248. Echii, Fai

249. quadridens, Pnj

250. nigroterminatus, JJ'oll

251. lineatotessellatus, JJ'oll

116. CcELiODES, Schiin.

252. fuliginosus, Mshm . .

117. AcALLES, Schiin.

253. saxicola, JJ'oll

254. pulverulentus, JJ'oll.

255. oblitus, JJ'oll

256. nodiferus, JJ'oll

257. Vau, JJ'oll.

258.

r terminalis, JJ'oll.

\-

259. oruatus, JJ'oll..

260. dispar. JJ'oll

261. albolineatus, JJ'oll...

262. globulipeunis, JJ'oll.

263. lunulatus, JJ'oll

264. cylindricolbs, JJ'oll.

265. WoUastoui, Chevr. . .

-, var. /3.

(Subf. 5. Erirhirddes.)

118. Tychius, {Germ.) Schon.

266. robustus, JJ'oll

267. albosquamosus, JJ'oll.

268. filirostris, JJ'oll

119. PissoDES, Germ.

269. notatus. Fab.

120. Lixis, Fab.

270. Cheiranthi, JJ'oll. . .

271. Chawneri, JJ'oll

272. vectiformis, JJ'oll. . .

273. angustatus, Fab

274. nititarsis, Schiin

(Div. 2. Brachyrhynchi.)

(Subf. 6. Cyclomides.)

121. Cyphoscelis, Woll.

275. distorta, JJ'oll

122. Laparocbrus, Schon.
276. mono, Schon. . . .

123. Atlantis, JJ'oll.

277. ckvatus, JJ'oll. . .
'27S. lamellipes, JJ'oll.. .

279. calcatrix, JJ^oll. . .

280. noctivagans, JVoll.

281. lauripotens, JJ'oll.

282. australis, JJ'oll. ..

283. vespertimis, Jl'oll.

284. lauatus, H'oW

<

a

xl

CATALOGUS TOPOGRAPHICUS.

285. navicularis, Jl'oll.
28(). incoustans, U'oll.

287. mcndax, U'oll. . .

288. iustabilis, U'nll. ..
Qoq f excclsus, Jl'ort.

/ excel
290. 1

var. p.

Seliauinii, U oil

,var.3.(=291 huj.op.)

124.

25.

12«.

O.MIAS, (Germ.) Schiin.
2.92. veutrosus, IVoll..
29.1 aencscens, IVolt. .

Waterhousei, U'oll.

29-1. 1'

Ane.moi'hilus, U'oll.

295. orassus, U'oll

296. siibtessellatus, U'oll.

297. trossulus, Wall

var. /3.

LlCHENOI'HAGrS, U'oll.

298. fritillus, U'oll

299. acuminatus, U'oll.

127. SCOLIOCERUS, U'oll.

300. Madenr, U'oll.

301. cunipes, U'oll.

128. TRACHYPiiLfEUS, Germ.
302. scaber, Linn

(Subf. 7. Hi/rsopsides.)

129. ECHINOSOMA, fToW.

303. porcellus, fl'o/?

(Subf. 8. Molytides.)

1.'50. Hypera, Germ.

30-1. lunata, H'oH

305. inuriiia, Fuh

306. viuiabilis, Herbst ... .

(Subf. 9. Cleonides.)

131. Cleonus, Schiin.

307. plicatus, Oliv

132.

(Subf. 10. Brachy derides.)

Sitona, Germ.

gressoria, Fab

latiju'iinis, Schbn

■anibrica, (A.'4y) Steph. . . .

liiicata, Jjiiin

humeralis, (Kby) Steph. .

308.
309.
310.
311.
312.

Fam. 35. Attelabidae.
133. Ai'loN, Herbst

313. vcriialc, Fab

31-1. sa<;ittiferuiii, ]\'oll

315. Malva. F«6

316. frumentariiim, 7y(nn

chalybeipenne, (Schiin.) U'oll..

; var. /3.

31

318. Wollastoni, Chei-r. . .

319. rotim(li])eune, U'oll.

134. AuLETES, Schiin.

■ Maderensis, U'oll

320. ^ , var. 0.

, var. y.

»■{:

Fam. 36. BrucMdae.

(Subf. 1. Anthribides.)

135. Xenorchestes, Wall.

321. saltitans, U'oll

(Subf. 2. Bruchides.)

136. Bruchls, Geoffr.

3'2'2. rutimanus, Schiin

323. subellipticus, U'oll. . .

324. lichenicola, U'oll

Sectio VIII. EUCERATA.

Fam. 37. Cerambicidae.

137. Stromatium, Serv.

325. imicolor, Oliv

138. Phymatodes.3/h/67

vaiiabilis, Linn.

r,,-,r f vaiiabilis, J

var. ^.

139. Blabixotus, U'oll.

327. spinicoUis, U'oll.

140. Trichoferi s. U'oll.

328. seue.x, U'oll. . . .

141. Clytus, Fa*.

329. Arietis, Linn .

142. Deucalion, U'oll.

330. Desertarum, Wolt.

Sectio IX. PHYTOPHAGA.

Fain. 38. Crioceridae.

143. Lema, Fab.

o.ji / melanopa, Linn.

, var. /3.

144. Crioceris, Geoffr.

332. Asparagi, Linn

Fam. 39. Cassididae.

145. Ca.ssida, Linn.

33.5. ncbulosa, Linn

334. hcmisplia;rica, Herbst

Fam. 40. Galerucida.

146. IIaltica. Geoffr.

335. siibtilis, U'oll

336. Salicaria", Payk

147- Longitarsus, I/o^

337. Isoplexidis, U'oll.

338. Cinerari:r, U'oll.
.339. saltator. U'oll

CATALOGUS TOPOGRAPHICUS.

Xli

340. lutescens, Gyll. .
oji f nervosus, H'oH..

342. nubigena, Wall.

148. PsvLLioDES, Lat.

343. chnsocepliala, Linn

344. hospes. Wall

345. umbratilis, Woll

■ vehemens, Woll

346. ■{ , var. /3.

var. y.

34". tarsata, Woll.

Fam. 41. Clirysomelidae.

149. Mniophilosoma, Woll.
348. l»ve, Woll

150. Cryptocephalus, Geoffr.
349. crenatus, Woll

151. Chrysomela, Linn.
350. Fragaria;, Woll.

152. Gastrophvsa, (Chevr.) Redt.
351. Polygoni, Linn

Sectio X. PSEUDOTRIMERA.

Fam. 42. Coccinellidae.

153. CocciNELLA, Linn.

352. mutabilis, Scriba

353. 7-p"iictata, Linn

354. 14-pustulata, Linn

orr f testudiuea, ( Hein.) Woll

■ t — — , var. 0. ,

356. GenistsE, Woll.

154.

ScYMNUS, Kugell.

or- f Duranta;, Woll

' ■ I , var. /3.

oro / marginalis, Rossi

359.

arcuatus, Rossi, a.

, var. /3.

360. flavopietus, Woll. . .

361. mmimus, Rossi . . . .

362. Limnichoides, Woll.

155. Rhyzobius, Stepk.
3g3 flitiira, F«6.

Fam. 43. CoiylophidEB.

156. Clype,\ster, (Anders.) Redt.
364. pusillus, Gi/ll

157- Arthrolips, Woll.

365. piceum, {Kimze) Comolli

.. *

158. Sericoderus, Steph.

366. lateraUs, [Meg.) Gyll.

159. CoRYLOPHUs, (LeacA) S^epA

367. tectiformis, Woll

160. Glceosoma, Woll.

368. velox, Woll

Sectio XI. ATRACHELIA.

Fam. 44. Anisotomidse.

161. Stagonomorpha, Woll.

369. spba;rula, Woll

370. unicolor, Woll. . . .

Fam. 45. Diaperidse.

162. Ellipsodes, Woll.

q-i / glabratus, Fab

•^'^■\ , var.3.

163. Phaleria, Lat.

372. ciliata, Woll

Fam. 40. Tenebrionidae.

164. Cerandria, (Dej.) Lucas
373. cornuta, Fab

165. TjnaoLiVM, MacLeay
374. ferrugineum, Fab.

166. Boromorphus, (Mots.) Woll.
375. Maderae, Woll

167. Calc\k, (Dej.) Lat.

376. elongatus, Herbst

168. Tenebrio, Linn.

377. molitor, Linn..

378. obsciu-us, Fab.

169. Alphitobius, Steph.

379. diaperinus, Kugell..

Fam. 48. Blapsidae.

172. Macrostethus, Woll.

385. tiiberculatus, Woll.

173. Blaps, Fab.

38o.{!2!!!iif!!;Var:0.::::

387. fatadica, (CreM<s.)S<Mrm

Fam. 47. Opatridae.

170. Opatrim, Fab.

380. fuscum, Herbst *

381. errans, iVoll

171. Uaduvs, (Dej.) Woll.

382. alpinus, Woll

383. cinerascens, {Dej.) Woll.

384. illotus, Woll

/

xlii

CATALOGUS TOPOGRAPHICUS.

ih.

Fam. 49. Tentyi-iadae.

17t. Hegf.ter, Lut.

.iSM. clongatus. Olic

Fam. .iO. Helopidae.

175. IIei.oi'.s, Fub.

I Vulcanus, Woll.

:m.

;w(). ■[

.•S91. 1
.392. i

.•«3. 1

y.

8.

confertus, iVoll. a.

a.

.391. Pluto, Woll

.392. infeinus, iUll

liieit'u<;us, Woll

, var. i3.

394 / congregatus, Woll. a. .

•jiic f futilis, Woll. a

.396. cinnamoineus, /f 0//. . . .
.397. Portosanctanus. Woll. .

000

Sectio XIT. TUACHELIA.

Fam. 51. (Edemeridae.

176. Stknaxi.s, Schmidt

398. Lowei, Woll

Fam. ;V2. Meloidae.

177- Meloe, Liiiii.

39i). austrinus, Woll

40(). rugosus. Mshm

401. flavicomus, IVoll

178. ZoNlTls, Fab.

402 / 4-puuctata, Fab

Fam. 53. Mordellidae.

179. Anasims, iicnff'r.

403 i ProtPus, Woll

' ■ I , var. (3

Fam. 54. Anthicidae.

180. Anthicis. Pin/k.

404. instal)ilis,( Hq/fm.) ScAniit// ..

40."). litoralis, lieer

40(!. hispidus, Rossi

,.,- { tnstis, Schmidt

' ' I , var. ^

181. Xvi.oPHii.is, (Boiielli) Lot.

408. pallosoous. Woll

Sectio XIII. BRACHELYTRA.
Fam. 55. Scydmaenidae.

182. SCYDM.KMS. Lnl.

409. Ilolfon, Schnum

Fam. .")(). Staphylinidae.

(Subf. 1 . Aleoc/tariden.)

183. Falagria, (Leach) Muiiii.

410. obscura, Grav

we;

184. Tachyisa, Erich.

411. raptoria, IVoll. . .

185. Xexomma, Woll.

412. ])lamfrous. U oil.

413. fonniciinim. Woll.

414. (ilit'onue, Woll. ..

186.

IIoMALOT.\, Mniin.

,,r J sanguiuolcnta, (to//.

, var. /3.,

416. granulosa. JVolI

417. obliquepunctata, l\ oil

41S. luticola. Woll

419. gregaria, Erich

420. Philontboides, Woll

421. currens, Woll

422. tautiUa. Woll

423. pU-bfia, Woll

424. sodalis. Erich

425. umbratilis, Woll

426. insiguis, Ji'oll

427. atramentaria, [Kby) Gyll. . .

428. longicoruis, Grav

429. lividipenuis. Maun

187. OxYPODA, Mann.

430. litigiosa, Heer

188.

Aleochara, Grav.
431. Armitagei, Ji'oll..
4.32. tristis, Grav. . . .

^Qo J nitida, Grav

• I , var. 3.

404. morion, Grav

189. Olioota. Mann.

435. iuflata, Mann .

190.
191.

192.

193.
194.
195.
196.

(Subf. 2. Tachyporides.)

Somatium, Woll.
436. auale, Woll

CONURUS, Stfph.

437. pubcscens. Payk. .

438. pcdicularius, Grav.
j.,n finontioola, Woll.

Taciiyporus, Grav.

440. ccler. Wall

441. bruuueus. Fub.

var. 3.

IIabrocerus, Erich.

442. capillaricornis. Grav.

Taciiinus, Grav.

443. Silphoidcs, Linn. . .

TRinioPHVA. Mann.
444. Iluttoni, Woll.

MvcETOPORVS, Mann.
441 / P'"0"us> Erich.

var. /3...

CATALOGUS TOPOGRAPHICUS.

xliii

(Subf. 3. Staphylinifles.)

197. Othius, (Leach) Steph.

446, stri<;ulosiis, Woll

447. Jansoni, Woll

198. Xantholinus, Dahl

448. punctulatus, Payh..

449. linearis, Oliv

199. Staphylinus, hinn.
4.50. maxillosus, LiHn.

2(10. Philonthus, (Leach) Steph.

451 . a!iicus, Rossi

452. umbratilis, Grav

453. sordidus, Grav

454. bipustulatus, Pnz

455. varians, Pyk

456. atenimus, Grav

457. filiformis, Woll

(Subf. 4. Pcederides.)

201. AcHENiUM, [Leach) Curtis.
458. Hartungii, Heer

202. Lathrobium, Grav.

459. multipunetatutn, Grav.

203. Lithocharis, (Dej.) Lacord.

460. fuscula, (Zieyl.) Lacord.

461 . ocliracea, Gruc

462. melanocephala, Fab. ...

204. RuGiLus, (Leach) Curtis
463. affinis, Erich

205. SuNius, (Leach) Steph.

464. augustatiis, Payh. .

465. bimaculafus. Erich.

206. Mbcogn'athus, M'oll.
466. Chima>ra, IIV;//.

(Subf. 5. Stenides.)

207. Stenus. Lat.

467. guttula, M'Ml

468. providus, Erich

469. undulatus, Woll

4yQ / Hceri, Woll

var. li.

(Subf. 6. Oxytelides.)

208. Platysthetus, Mann.

471. spinosus, Erich

472. fossor, Woll

209.

OXYTELUS, Gruii.

473. piccus, Linn

474. sculi>tus, Grav

475. complanatus, Erich.

476. nitidulus, Grav

477. glareo-sus, Woll. . . .

210. Trogophlceus, Mann.
478. nanus, WoU. . . .

211

(Subf. 7. Omaliades.)

Omalium, Grav.

479. ocellatum, Woll

480. granulatum, Woll

(Subf. 8. Profeitiides.)

212. Meoarthkus, (Kby) Steph.
481. longiconiis, Well

213. Metopsia, Woll.

482. ampliata, M'oll.

<U I QJ

INSECTA MADERENSIA.

OrdoI. COLEOPTERA.

Sectio I. GEODEPHAGA.

Fam. 1. CAKABID^.
(Subf. 1. BEACHIXIDES.)

Genus 1. TARUS.

Clairville, Ihit. Helv. ii. 94 (1806).

Corpus mediocre, oblongo-ovatum, depressum : prothorace subcordato : elytris apice truncatis : alls (in
speciebusMadercusibus) obsoletis. Antenna filiformes, capita protboraceque paido longiores, articulo
primo sequeutibus robustiore, secundo brevi. Labrum transverso-quadi-atum, antice vk emargi-
natum et setis paucis longis instructum, angulis anticis rotundatis. Mandibulce incui-vse acutse.
Maxilla bilobae : lobo externa palpiformi biarticulato : interna acuto incurvo, apice imeinato, intus
valde ciliato. Palpi maxillares subtiliformes, articulo ultimo elongato subfusiformi apice truncate :
labiales longiusculi, articulo xiltimo magno subsccm-iformi. Mentum transversum, antice profunde
emarginatum et dente medio brevi integro instructum. Ligula cornea, apice truncata pilisque
duabus aucta ; paraglossia membranaceis apice rotundatis, ei sequalibus. Pedes longiusculi : t arsis
anticis in maribus \ix dilatatis : wiguiculis serratis.

The entire central tooth of the emargination of its mentum, added to its elongated
labial palpi, with theii' large subsecuriform terminal joiat, will be sufficient, ajiart
from external differences readily apparent, to distinguish Tarns* from other allied

* The names of Tarus and Cymindis were proposed at tlie same time, the former by Clairville, the latter
by Latreille, for the present genus ; and the second of the above titles is the one more generally recognised
by recent coutinental entomologists. Since neither of them, however, possess claims in point of priority, I
have preferred retaining the first, as open to the fewest objections, Kv^irSis having been origiuaUy appHed by
Homer, and early Ionic writers, to a certain bird supposed to be of the Falcon tribe.

B

2 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

groups. The Tari are, for the most part, prettily coloiu'ecl insects, their elytra
being more or less ornamented with longitudinal lines or stripes. They reside,
principally, beneath stones, and delight in open grassy spots.

1. Tarus lineatus.
T. piceo-niger punctatus, elyti'is punctato-striatis, prothoracis latcribus, clytrorum margine exteriore

vittaque clongata subconfluenti, antennis pedibusque testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. 32^-4.

Carahus lineatus, Sehou. Syn. Lis. i. 179. t. 3. f. 5 (180G).
Ci/mindis Uneata, Dej. Spec, des Col. i. 207 (1825).

vittata, Dalil. in litt.

Lehia lineola, Dufour, Ann. Gen. Soc. Phys. ^^. 322 (1843).

Habitat sub lapidibus in montibus Maderac, tempore hiberno et vernali, vulgatissimus.

T. dark piccous-black, slightly shining. Head and prothorax deeply and rugosely punctm-ed ; the
latter channelled, rather wide anteriorly, and with the extreme lateral edges dull testaceous.
Elytra somewhat short, expanded behind the middle, regularly and finely striated, the strise
minutely and uniformly punctiu-ed, the interstices also punctured ; with the lateral margin, and
a longitudinal vitta anteriorly and posteriorly (especially the former) confluent with it, broadly
testaceous, — lea\ing a wide band down the suture, constricted at the apex, and a narrow lateral
postmedial stria, abbreviated at both ends, of the same colour as the head and prothorax, viz.
piceous-black. Legs, palpi and antenna testaceous.

The Madeiran specimens of this insect differ from Spanish and Algerian ones, in
my collection, in bciug slightly shorter, in having their head and the disk of theu'
prothorax somewhat darker, and in theu* elytral striae being less deeply impressed.
In all other respects they agree sufiiciently well with the ordinary Eui-opean type.
The T. lineatus is a species more especially peculiar to Mediterranean latitudes,
being foimd in the south of France, Italy, Sicily, and on the coast of Earbary.
Dejean, however, mentions that it has been also taken in the south of Russia.
From the T. suturalls it differs in its rather smaller size, more darkly painted
surface, in its wider prothorax (which, -odth the head, is more rugosely pimctvu-ed
and less polished), and by its elytral striae being more decidedly pimctate than is
the case in that species. Its ehi;ra, moreover, when A-iewed l)eneath the microscope,
appear uniformly and finely reticulose, — a sculptvu'c \vhich is scarcely perceptible
in the T. suiumlis, except imder a far liigher magnifying power. It is an exceed-
ingly common insect, dm-iug the autumnal, Avintcr, and early spring months,
tlu-oughout the movmtamous districts of Madeii-a, occurring for the most part
beneath stones in open grassy spots towards the highest peaks. On the lofty
uplands between the Pico dos Arieros and the Pico da Lagoa, as also on the Paul
da Serra, and on the precipitous slopes at the edges of the Ciu'ral das Frcu'as, it is

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 3

extremely abundant ; and it lias been, likewise, taken by Professor Heer near the
Mount Cliureli. It makes its appearance about the middle of July, and lasts until
the following spring. I have not observed it in any of the other islands of the
group.

2. Taras sutiu-alis.
T. testaceus leviter punctatus, elytris striatis, capite prothoraceque parvo rufo-ferrugineis, elytrorum

siitoi-a lineolaque postica abbreviata obscui'e fuscis.
Long, coi'p. lin. 4-4i.

Cymindis suturalis, Dej. Spec, des Col. i. 206 (1825).

Habitat sub lapidibus in locis arenosis ad oram maritimam ins. Portus Sancti, tempore vemali, vulga-
tissimus : unicum exemplai" etiam ad summum cacumen ins. Desertse Grandis mense Januario
A.D. 1849 inveni.

T. pale testaceous, elongate. Head and prothorax narrower tlian in the last species, and more finely
punctured and polished, rufo-testaceous ; the latter channelled, small, and romided behind.
Elytra slightly longer and narrower than in T. lineatus, depressed, regularly and distinctly
striated, the striae impunctate, the interstices rather deeply punctured ; the suture, especially
posteriorly, a short stria springing from it behind the middle (and extending, anteriorly, about
half-way to the base), and a narrow lateral one, distinct behind but vanishing in front, more or
less obscurely fuscescent, or piceous-black.

The present Tarns, which has been hitherto known as peculiarly Egyptian, is
evidently very nearly alKed, in a natiu-al arrangement, to the T. Uneata ; and so
it was considered by Dejean, who, in his Species general des Coleopteres, in 1825,
placed the two insects ahnost in juxtaposition. It is interesting therefore to find
both of them inliabiting the Madeira Islands, and to remark moreover that they
are the only Tavl, so far at least as I have hitherto observed, which the group
produces. The T. suturalis is exceedingly abundant iu Porto Santo, occui'ring
beneath stones in diy sandy spots about the sea-shore, particularly to the east and
west of the Cidade and on the Campo de Baxo. It would seem to be especially
common during the winter months. It does not exist, apparently, in Madeii'a
proper, being there replaced by the previous species : but on the extreme summit
of the Dezerta Grande I detected, dui-ing January 1849, a single specimen in the
cre-vice of a weather-beaten rock. It is a common insect on the shores at Alex-
andria, from whence I possess a fine series collected by my friend Dr. H. Schaum
of Berlin.

Genus 2. DROMIUS.

Bonelli, Observat. Ent. i. tah. synopt. (1813).

Corpxis parvum, oblongo-ovatum, depressum : protlwrace subcordato : elytris apice truncatis : ahs
mode amplis, modo (ut in speciebus nostris plurimis obtinet) obsoletis. Antenna filiformes,
capite prothoraceque paulo longiores, articulo primo sequentibus robustiore, secundo brevi,

B 2

4 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Labrum transverso-quadratum, antice setis paucis longis instructum. Mandibula incurvee acutae,
basi subdenticulatK. Maxilla bilobse : lobo externo palpiformi biarticulato : intcmo acuto incurvo,
apice uncinate, intus valde ciliato. Palpi articulo ultimo elongate, in maxillaribus ovato apice
truncate, in labiulibus subacuminato-ovato. Mentum transversuni, antice profunde emarginatuui
et dente medio nuUo instructum. Ligula cornea, apice retundata ciliata pilisque duabus longis
aucta; paraghssis ci connatis, subcoriaceis. Pedes longiusculi : <arm articulo quarto integro :
unguiculis serratis.

Dromius contains some of the smallest of the known Carahklce ; and from
Torus, the only other Madeiran genus of the subfamily Brachinides, it may be
readily knoAvn by the comparatively minute size of the species ■which compose it,
by the absence of a central tooth to the emargination of its mentum, by the rounded
apex of its ligula, and by the acuminated terminal joint of its labial and maxillary
palpi, especially the former. Althoixgh occurring, more or less abundantly, in
most parts of the world, it is especially a European genus ; the species being found
principally beneath the bark of trees, amongst moss, in crevices of the earth, and
imder stones. They are extremely active in theu' movements, running with the
utmost velocity (whence indeed their name) ; and they are occasionally, like the
Tari, very gregarious.

3. Dromius instdaris, WoU.

D. lineari-elongatus testaceus parce pubescens subopacus, capita prothoraceque rufo-testaceis, hujus

disco, elytrorum sutvu'a fasciaque pone medium abbreviata nigro-fuscis.
Long. corp. lin. 2j-2f .

Habitat sub lapidibus in insulis Maderje, Desertse Grandis, et Desertse Borealis, ajstate rarissimus.

D. elongate, somewhat broad and parallel, testaceous, nearly opake, covered, especially on the elytra,
with exceedingly fine, short, erect, distant hairs. Head large, broad, ovate, dark rufo-testaceous,
lengituchnally strigose between the eyes. Prothorax subquadrate, narrowed behind, about as
broad in front as the base of the elytra, deeply channelled, rufo-testaceous with the disk darker.
Elytra elongate, parallel, deeply striated, the strife impunctate, or ^>'ith a few indistinct irregular
impressions on the outer ones; the suture, and an abbreviated transverse fascia behind the
middle, fuscous or black. IVings obsolete. Claws very powerfully toothed intei'nally.

This large and interesting Dromius is perhaps one of the rarest and most truly
indigenous insects which the Madeu-a Islands have hitherto produced. It would
appear to represent the common D. linearis of Northern and Central Euroi^e,
partaking liowever, almost equally, of the D. loiigiceps likewise, — althoiigh at the
same time abundantly distinct, specifically, from them both. In its large size, and
in the impunctate striae, dark sutui'e and obscui-e post-medial fascia of its el}i;ra,
it approaches the latter ; nevertheless it recedes from it altogether (apart from its
more opake and pubescent surface, and the less apical position of its elytral patch)
in its broader and more ])arallel form, less elongated antennae, and in its wider and

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 5

shorter liead and prothorax : whilst from the former (with which it agrees hetter
in the length of its antennae, the shape and colom- of its head and prothorax, and
in its striated forehead) it is no less evidently removed hy its much larger size,
more parallel outline, hroader head, opake suhpuhescent surface, and by the im-
punctate striae, dark suture, and abbreviated fascia of its elytra. It is, apparently,
extremely rare, although widely distributed throughout the islands of the group.
I have captured it twice, from under stones, on the Dezerta Grande (on the great
western promontory beyond the head of the northern valley), — during May ; twice
on the Ilheo Chao, or Elat Dezerta, — in June ; and once in Madeira, at the Feijaa
de C6rte, — at the beginning of August : aU in 1850.

4. Dromius sigma.
D. testaceus nitidus, capite nigro-fusco, elytris substriatis, sutura fasci^que media dentate fuscis.
Var. a. prothorace rufo-testaceo immaculato (ins. Partus Sanctus).
Var. /3. paulo longior, prothoracis disco infuscato (ins. Madera).

Var. y. subopacus, prothorace toto et elytrorum basi fasciaque media latissima fuscis (ins. " Ilheu
de Fora," justa promontorium Sancti Laurentii Maderse).
Long. Corp. lin. l|-2.

Carahus sigma, Eossi, Fna Etrus. i. 226 (1790).
Dromius sigma, Dej. Spec. Col. i. 235 (1825).

fasciatus, Sturm, Deutsch. Fna, vii. 42 (1827).

sigma, hipetinifer et Sfurmii, Bab. Trans. Ent. Soc. Land. i. 85 (1836).

sigma, Heer, Col. Sel v. 9 (ISil).

Habitat insulas Maderenses, sub lapidibus, bine inde non infrequens : varietas a. una in Portu Sancto
et nusquam nisi ilHc occurrit : varietas /3. montibus Maderse propria est : varietatis y. unicum
exemplar vidi, in insula quadam jvurta promontorium Sancti Laurentii Maderse "Ilheo de Fora"
dicta a meipso, d. 19 Mart. a.d. 1849, repertum.

D. pale testaceous. Head narrow and rather elongated, dark brownish-black, or black. Prothorax
subquadi'ate, a little narrowed behind, deeply channelled. Elytra most obscm-ely striated, the
humeral angles considerably roimded-oflf; the suture, and a nan-ow submedial zigzag fascia, dark
fuscous. Wings obsolete.

Var. a. shining; the prothorax rufo-testaceous and immaculate. (The state peculiar to Porto
Santo.)

Var. /3. a little longer, shining ; the prothorax rufo-testaceous, with its disk and anterior por-
tion darkly, and the region of the scutellum obscui'ely, infuscate. (The state peculiar to
Madeira.)

Var. y. opake ; the entire prothorax, and the base of the elytra, fuscous ; and the transverse fascia
of the latter extremely broad. (Captured on the Ilheo de Fora.)

Scattered sparingly, though principally at lofty altitudes, tliroughout Madeii-a
and Porto Santo. In the former I have taken it from beneath stones at the

6 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

edges of the Cui-ral das Freiras, and on the northern limits of the Paul da Serra,
— near the extreme head of the Ptibcii'o do Inferno ; and it has been, likewise,
captured by Mr. Kousset on the Pico d'An'ibentao, above Fimchal. It is an
insect of wide Em-ojiean distribution, ranging from Lapland to the Mediterranean
shores; and, licnce, its comparative rarity in oiu* island group would seem to
imply that it has there reached, in aU probability, one of its most southern loca-
tions, — an hypothesis which the consideration that, whUe in higher latitudes it is
confined mainly to the lowest elevations, its normal Madciran limits are apjoarently
from about 1500 to 6000 feet above the sea, would go far to corroborate. By a
reference to the above diagnosis, it will l)e seen that the typical European state of
the D. sigma does not occur at all in Madeu'a proper, l)ut only in Porto Santo.
True it is that the modifications in the several islands present but slight diS'er-
ences inter se ; nevertheless, being constant, I would lay particular stress upon
them, since they go very materially to prove that the effects of isolation on
external insect form are even more important, if possible, than those of latitude.
That this is the case, in the present instance, appears clear from facts so minute
as these. Por, out of the many specimens which have come under my observation
from various countries of Europe, if there is one point more constant than another
in this otherwise A^ariable species, it is, I believe, vmder all circumstances, its im-
maculate prothorax. Now while this, we may almost say essential, character
obtains ia Porto Santo, in Madeii'a it does not hold good : the prothorax there is
invariably infuscate in the centre ; and on a small adjacent rock it is entii'ely dark.
Nor let any one suppose that details apparently so trivial are beneath oui' notice,
or the mere result of chance, since it is by the observation of such-like points, and
by marking theu* development according to the cu'cumstances of the several lo-
calities in which they obtain, that we arc alone able to appreciate thcii' importance,
and so to form, in a A\'idcr and geographical sense, a correct estimate of theii"
value.

5. Dromius arenicolus, WoU.
D. latus ater nitidus, elytris substriatis, lateribus, gutta elongata obliqua humcrali fasciaquc trans-
versa, subapicali pallidis, tibiis tarsisquc piceis.
Long. Corp. lin. 1^—2.

Habitat sub lajjidibus in locis arenosis Portus Sancti, prsesertim per cram maritimam, tempore vernali
\'ulgatissimus.

D. broad, deep black, shining, sometimes with an obscure seneous tinge. Head broad. Prothorax
short, subcordatc, much narrowed behind. Ehjtra rather faintly striated, with the lateral
margin, an elongated obhque humeral \itta or stria (confluent with it), and a transverse fascia a
little before the apex, very pale testaceous. Wings obsolete. Tibite and tarsi piceous. The pale
jiortions of the elytra are sometimes indistinct, though never absent ; and occasionally they are
altogether confluent.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 7

Somewhat allied to the D. albomaculatus, Lucas, from Algeria (as may be seen
by a reference to the splendid work on the insects of that country, published by
the French Government, — p. 18. pi. 2. fig. 8), though at the same time with abun-
dant specific characters to separate it therefrom. The present Dromius is peculiar
to Porto Santo, in which island I captured it in great profusion, fi'om beneath
stones, dm'iag April and May 1848 ; as also, subsequently, in December of the
same year, and in April 1819. It is found in dry exposed spots of a low elevation,
being especially abundant on the level of the sea-shore in the vicinity of the
Cidade, and on the open plain of the Campo de Baxo. It is the Porto Santan
representative of the D. obscuroguttatus ; and distinct as it is in coloiu^ing from
that insect, I am by no means prepared to assert that it may not be, in reality, a
local modification of it, brought about by isolation through a long series of ages on
a calcareous soil. As such a concession, however, would at once entail a host of
difficulties regarding the validity of other " species " (even of European genera)
similarly circumstanced ; and siace out of many hundred specimens which have
come beneath my notice, not a siagle intermediate liak has hitherto occurred to
connect the two, I do not ventiu'e to amalgamate them ; — suffice it to record my
conviction, in this brief remark, that if the time ever should arrive in which the
real effects of latitude and climate on external insect form are better appreciated
than is now the case, the present Dromius, along with other insects innumerable
in positions nearer home, vnR in all probability be doomed, as species, to sink.

6. Dromius obscurogmttatus.

D. latus atro-subseneus, elytris substriatis macula obscui'issima humerali pallida, tibiis tarsisque piceis.

Long. Corp. lin. 1^.

Lehia obscurofjutfata, (Anders.) Diift. Fna Austr. ii. 249 (1812) .
Dromius spilotus, Dej. Spec. Col. i. 240 (1825).

impunctatus, (Kby.) Stepli. III. Brit. Ent. i. 23 (1828).

ohscuroguttatus, Ericli. Kiif. der Mark Brand, i. 32 (1837).

Habitat sub lapidibus in montibus superioribus IMaderje, tempore biberno et vernali copiosissimus.

D. broad, deep black, witb an seneous tinge. Head broad. Prothorax short, subcordate, much
narrowed behind. Elytra very faintly striated, with an extremely obscm-e, somewhat oblique
patch at the anterior lateral angles paler. Wings obsolete. Tibice and tarsi piceous.

Apart from its somewhat smaller size and fainter striae, the present species may
be at once known from the B. arenicohis by the total absence of pale patches on
its elytra, — excepting a most obscure spot, sometimes scarcely apparent, towards
their humeral angles. It is a common European insect ; and the Madeii-an speci-
mens recede from the ordinary ones in being slightly larger, and in having their
elytra more obscurely striated, with the humeral patch less distinct : then- entii-e
surface moreover is of a deeper black,— a difference which is especially perceptible

8 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

on the legs. I liave hitherto observed it in no islands of the group except Madeii'a
proper, and only there at high elevations, — where however it is extremely abun-
dant. It occurs in the greatest profusion, from the end of the summer to the
early spring months, beneath stones, in the lofty mountain district between the
Pico da Lagoa and the Pico dos Ai-icros ; as also on the flat alpine plain of the
Paul da Serra, from 5000 to 6000 feet above the sea. Although so common
throughout Eiirope, it is perhaps, when geographically considered, one of the most
interesting of the Madciran Coleoptera, as affording another and even more
striking example, not only of the modification of form in a normally northern insect
when on its southern limit (the result, however, perhaps more strictly, as in the
case of the varieties of the D. sigma, of isolation rather than of latitude) ; but as
showing, likewise, how a species abundant on the low sandy shores and sheltered
sea-cliffs of more temperate regions finds its position here only on the summits
of the loftiest mountains. It is true that the aberration from the tj'pical state, as
in the D. sigma, is not in the present instance very considerable ; yet, when the
cii'cumstances producLng it are taken into account, I am persuaded that the
difference is exactly of that nature on which too great stress cannot possibly be
placed, when discussing the general question of geographical distribution as having
a tendency, more or less directly, to affect both colour and form. It is well kno^^-n
to naturalists that a multitude of insects from the New "World, receding from then-
Em-opean analogues merely in certain excessively minute characters, have usually
Ijeen pronounced at once as new to science, first because those differences are con-
stant, and secondly because the specimens have been received from the other side
of the Atlantic. And yet in instances like the present, as in many others which
Ave shall have occasion to notice, — in an island which, while it belongs artificially
to Europe, is yet, natm'ally, sufficiently distinct from it as to form at any rate a
step])ing-stone to the coast of Afi-ica and the mountains of Barbary, — species
similarly cu'cumstanced are not necessarily received as new (and rightly so, I ap-
prehend), though in every respect affording differences not ovlj analogous to those
already mentioned, but in many cases positively identical with them. If however
a specific line of demarcation does of necessity exist between the creatures of the
Old and New AVorlds, the problem yet remains unsolved, so long as intermediate
islands present parallel modifications, where that line is to be di-a-sAii. Meanwhile,
how far geographical varieties of this kind, concerning the non-specific claims of
wliich confessedly but little doubt can exist, may lead to the explanation of the
Transatlantic ones just referred to, I will not venture to suggest. Yet certain it is
that tlic one case bears directly on the other; and that, if we can prove that
common European insects when isolated in the ocean become in nearly all cases
more or less modified externally in form, there is at least presumptive evidence
that the law Avill hold good on a wider scale, and may be extended not only to the
Atlantic itself, but even to cotmtries beyond it. The differences of the present
Dromins from its more nortlicrn representatives arc, as just stated, small ; never-

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 9

theless, since they are fixed, those naturalists who do not believe in geographical
iufluence, might choose to consider them of sufficient importance to erect a new
species upon. But after a careful comparison of this Avitli other insects similarly .
circumstanced, I am convinced that the modifications in question are merely local
ones, and such as may he reasonably accounted for by the combined agencies of
latitude and isolation, and the consequently altered habits of the creatm-e, which is
thus compelled to seek alpine localities in Ueu of its natural ones : — observations
which I have been induced to enter into here somewhat at length, as likely to
apply in numerous other cases hereafter to be considered.

7. Dromius negrita, WolL
D. atei- vel obscurissime subijeneo-ater, capite majore, prothorace subquadrato, elytris obsolete stnatis-
Long. Corp. liu. 1|.
Habitat ad vias vel sub lapidibus Maderfe, autumno sat frequens.

D. deep black, or with a very obscure aeneous tinge, shining. Head rather large and broad. Pru-
thorax subquadrate, rounded behind, with a deep central channel. Elytra very obscurely striated.
TVmgs small.

Known from the B. ohsmrocjuttatus by its smaller size, darker and more flat-
tened siu'face, and by the entke absence of pale patches, whether at the shoulders
or elsewhere. It is very nearly allied to the follo^\dng species, but may be distin-
guished from it by its somewhat larger bulk, more robust head and prothorax, the
latter of which is not quite so much narrowed behind as in that insect, and by its
elytral striae, although obsciu-e, being sufficiently apparent. It is tolerably abun-
dant throughout Madeii-a, between the Limits of about from 1000 to 3000 feet
above the sea ; and it may be frequently observed darting rapidly across pathways,
or in grassy spots amongst dead leaves, in company with the D. glahratiis. In the
pine-woods of the Curral das Romeii-as, above Funchal, I took it very plentifuUy
during the autumn of 18i7 ; and, subsequently, at the Ribeii-o Frio in August.

8. Dromius glabratus.

D. angustus ater vel obscure subicneo-ater, capite minore, prothorace subcordato, elytns Isevibus.

Long. corp. liu. 1^;.

Lebia r/lahrata, (Meg.) Duft. Fna Austr. ii. 248 (1812).
Dromius glabratus, Dej. Spec, des Col. i. 244 (1825).

, Stcph. III. Brit. Ent. i. 25 (1828).

, Heer, Fna Col. Heh. 11 (1841).

Habitat bine inde sub lapidibus vel ad vias in insulis Maderse, Portus Sancti, ac Desertse Grandis, toto
anno frequens.

D. deep black, or with an obscure seneous tinge, exceedingly shining. Head slightly smaller and
narrower than in the last species. Prothorax short, subcordate, a little smaller than in the D. iie-

C

10 INSECTA MADEREXSIA.

yrita, and rather more rounded behind; deeply channeled. Elytra usually unstriatedj though
occasionally with indications of strise just perceptible. Wings sufficiently ample.

Tlio smallest of the Madeiran Dromii, differing from the last species in its
sUghtly narrower and shorter head and prothorax, the latter of which is more suh-
cordate than is the case in that insect, and in its usually total fi-eedom from ehiiral
strise. It is common throughout the islands of the group, or at any rate in
Madeira, Porto Santo, and on the Dezerta Grande, in all of which I have captui*ed
it ahimdantly, although generally at a rather low elevation. It is universal
throughout Europe ; and occurs also in Algeria and in the Canary Islands.

(Suhf. 2. SCAEITIDES.)
Genus 3. SCARITES.

Fabricius, Syst. Eat. 2i9 (1775).

Corpus magnum, oblongum, subdepressum : mesothorace cylindrico elongato angusto : prothorace
antice lato truncate, postice contracto : alis obsoletis. Antenna filiformes, apicem versus pilosse
et vix incrassatre, in maribus longiuscula; ; articido primo valde elongato subflexuoso-conico,
secundo breviore (tcrtii quartique conjunctim fere longitudinc), quiuto ad ultinium pilosissimis
subrcqualibus. Labrum breve transversum trilobum, lobis externis pihs incui'vis ciUatis, omnibus
setis paucis mediis longissimis intra marginem instructis. Mandibula maximee, validjc, porrectae,
iutus fortiter dentatee. Maxilla bilobre, elongatse, flexuosse: loho externa palpiformi biai-ticulato :
interno apicc incurvo, intus valde et dense ciliato. Palpi filiformes, articulo ultimo subcylindi'ico.
Mentum jugiilo connatum, transversum, trilobum, lobo medio carinato et ad apicem acuto inflexo.
Ligula brevis, lata, pilosissima, emarginata. Pedes robusti : tibiis anticis valde palmatis, inter-
^ mediis ante apicem externum spinis (plerumque duabus) armatis, posticis simphcibus : ta)-sis in
utroque sexu unguiculisquc simplicibus.

Some of the largest Carabideous insects are included in the genus Scarifes ; the
species of which may be at once known by their narrow, cylin(U-ical mesothorax,
which, by disconnecting the prothorax from the base of the elytra, causes the
former, which is itself usually roimded off behind, to appear pedunculated. Their
strongly palmated fore-tibisc enable them to bui'row into the ground willi consider-
able dexterity, and their greatly developed mandibles give them no slight ad-
vantage over the smaller insects on which they feed. They are chiefly nocturnal
in then- habits, residing Ijcneath stones, logs of wood, or imder dead leaves, from
which in the daytime they seldom wander ; and on being exposed to the light
they quickly recede into their bmi'ows, out of which, from their great depth, it is
not always easy to extricate them. In the mountains of Madeira, where detached
blocks of basalt lie confusedly together, and become gradually overgro-mi with
vegetation, the caverns thus formed are well adapted for the residence of tlie
Scantidce ; and we accordmgly find the single species which (although not peculiar

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 11

to them, yet which) alone ascends to a sufficient altitude to embrace those regions,
in the greatest profusion. It occupies the loftiest peaks of nearly all the islands,
and was probably once abundant over the entire ancient continent, whatever its
limits may have been, of which the Madeu'an Group forms but an isolated part.
There are traces of it in the Canary Islands, from whence occasional specimens
have been brought, and which, from the want of local data and of sufficient
numljers to reason upon, have in their turn been severally regarded as distinct.
The fact however is that the species in question is an extremely variable one,
assuming diiferences of size according to the altitude at which it lives, and differ-
ences of sculpture according to the cu'cumstances of the spot on which it is isolated.
That such is actually the case, a careful observation of the many minute changes
which the insect has undergone in the varioiis islands and altitudes of the Madeu'an
Group will, I think, prove to a demonstration. ~Eoy it is impossible to su.pposo
that every rock contains its own species, that is to say, has had a separate creation
expressly for itself, — a conclusion at which we must assuredly arrive, if small and
even constant differences are of necessity specific. Rejecting therefore this hypo-
thesis as utterly untenable, and as contrary to all experience, we are driven to
acknowledge that isolation does, in nearly every instance, in the course of time,
affect, more or less sensibly, external insect form; — which being admitted, we
have at once an intelligible principle whereby to account for modifications innu-
merable, each of which, when viewed simply as a difference, independently of the
circumstances producing it, might have been regarded as sufficient to erect a
" species " upon, had the desu*e for multiplying them overbalanced the love of
truth.

9. Scarites abbreviatus.

S. ater nitidus subdepressus, elytris ovatis impunctato-striatis, marginibus granulatis et seriato-tuber-

culatis, angulis Lumeralibus vix prominentibus.
Long. Corp. lin. 8^—16.

Var. a., politissimus ; elytris brevi-ovatis, margin e basali nigose granulato tiiberculisque distinctis

obsito. — Long. 9-13 lin. (ins. Madera).
Var. (3. politus ; elytris brevi-ovatis, margine basali obsoletissime granulato tuberculisque parvis

obscuris obsito. — Long. 8i-13 lin. (ins. Partus Sanctus).
Var. y. politus ; elytris ovalibus, margine basali parce granulato tuberculisque obsito. — Long.

10-12 lin. (ins. Ilheo de Fora dicta).
Var. I. politus ; elytris elongato-ovalibus, margine basali obsoletissime granulato tuberculisque valdc

distinctis obsito, tuberculo humerali majore. — Long. 12-16 bn. (ins'' Deserta Borealis et Deserta

Grandis) .

Scarites ahlreviahis, (Kollar) Dej. Spec, des Col i. 379 (1825).
Habitat sub lapidibus in insulis Madcrensibus, sat frequcns : in Madera propria atque in Deserta

c2

12 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Grandi montes inde a 1000' s. in. usque ad cacumina prsecipuc occupat ; sed in Portu Sancto,
Deserta Boreali, et in insula prope promontorium Sancti Laurentii Maderse " Ilheo de Fora " dicta
fere ad maris litus descendit.

S. black, shining, slightly depressed. Head large, with two deep longitudinal depressions on the fore-
head. Prothorax transverse, wide in front, narrower and rounded posteriorly, with an impressed
transverse line behind the front margin, and a channel down the disk. Elytra ovate, with the
humeral angles a little prominent, but not projecting beyond the outer margin, deeply striated,
the striae being impunctate ; with the entire margin (basal as well as lateral) thickly and more or
less coarsely granulated, aud with a single row of tubercles (more or less distinct) throughout.
Antenna and le^s (especially the tibia and tarsi) piceous ; the last seven joints of the former
densely clothed with a fine yellowish pubescence, and the latter thickly fringed with strong
golden or rufous bristles.

Var. a. extremely shining. Elytra short, ovate, expanded behind the middle; the basal margin
thickly and coarsely granulated, and with a row of distinct tubercles. {Madeira.)

Var. /3. shining. Elytra short, ovate, expanded behind the middle ; the basal margin with scarcely
perceptible granules, but with a row of rather distinct tubercles. [Porto Santo.)

Var. y. shining ; with the head and prothorax rather narrower than in the other varieties. Elytra
rather longer, and a little expanded about the middle ; the basal margin granulated (though not
very distinctly), and with a row of tolerably distinct tubercles. [Ilheo de Fora.)

Var. 8. shining, very large. Elytra long, and a little expanded about the middle ; the basal margin
with scarcely perceptible granules, but with a row of exceedingly distinct tubercles, the outer or
humeral tubercle being the largest. [Northern and Central Dezertas.)

This is the commou Scarltes of the Madeira Islands, and it may be known, in
all its varieties, from the S. hmneraUs by its brighter surface and less parallel
form, by its humeral angles, although a little prominent, never projecting beyond
the outer edge of its elytra, and by the more granulated margins of the latter,
which have, in every case, a row of tubercles, more or less distinct, along their
entire lengtli, lateral as well as basal. It ranges from the sea-shore to the extreme
summits of the loftiest mountains. In Madoii-a proper, however, it is most abun-
dant between the Kmits of about 2000 to 5000 feet a1)ove the sea ; whilst in Porto
Santo, the Plat Dezerta, and on the Ilheo de Pora it descends to the level of the
shore. On tlic Dozerta Grande it is attached principally, as in Madeira, to the
higher altitudes, Ijcing extremely common in the fissu^res of the weather-beaten
rocks of the most elevated peaks ; where the specimens moreover attain a very
large size, — although they are scarcely perhaps so gigantic as those on the nortliern
island, in which the average length is from 13 to 16 lines. The Madeiran speci-
mens are smaller, and more shining, than any of the other varieties.

10. Scarites humeralis, Woll.
S. ater plenimque opacus depressus, elytris elongato-ovatis impunctato-striatis, marginibus granulatis

et apiccm versus solum obscure sei-iato-tuberculatis, angulis humcralibus valde promincntibus.
Long, corp.lin. 11-15.

Habitat sub lapidibus ins. Portus Sancti, cum prjccedenle sed illo multo rarior.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 13

S. black, usually opake, depressed. Head rather large, with two deep longitudinal depressions on the
forehead. Prothorax transverse, wide in front, narrower and rounded posteriorly, with an im-
pressed transverse line behind the front margin, and a channel down the disk. Elytra elongate-
ovate, with the humeral angles very prominent and distinctly projecting beyond the outer margin,
deeply striated, the striae being impunctate ; with the entire margin (basal as well as lateral)
most minutely and obscurely granulated, and with a single row of tubercles (always minute) to-
wards the apex only. Antenna and legs as in the previous species.

Readily distinguished from tlie S. abhremattis, Avitli wMcli however I had for
some time eoufotmded it, by its more elongated, depressed, and straightened form,
usually opake surface, by its prominent humeral angles which project perceptibly
beyond the outer margin of its elytra, and, more especially, hj the minuteness of
the granules and the total absence of tubercles, except at the extreme apex, along
the edges of the latter. Although the above characters are more than suiRcient,
of themselves, to establish the species, yet the fact that it is found in company with
the S. abbreviatus is additional evidence, were such necessary, that it is in reality
distinct, and no local variety of that insect. It seems to be peculiar to Porto
Santo, where it occurs, beneath stones, along with the car. (3. of the aS*. abbreviatus,
in the low sandy plains near the coast. It is however by far the rarer of the tAvo.

Genus 4. APOTOMUS.

(Hoffmansegg) Illiger, Mag.firr Ins. vi. 348 (1807).

Corpus parvum, subcylindrico-oblongum, pubescens : mesothoi-ace cylindi-ico elongate angusto : protho-
mceparvo subgloboso, postice constricto : alis obsoletis. yin/en?!« longiusculfe filiformes, articulo
primo crassiusculo vk elongato, secundo reliquis subsequalibus cyliudricis breviore. Labium
Iseve transversum emarginatum, angulis anticis leviter productis. Mandibula vix porrectae.
Maxilla! bilobs, intus ciliatEe. Palpi filiformes : maxillares longissimi, articulo ultimo elongato-
cylindrico : labiales breviores, articulo ultimo acuminato piloso. Mentuni jugulo connatum,
transversum, antice emarginatum et dente medio acuto instructum. Pedes longissimi : tibiis
simplicibus baud palmatis, posterioribus ad apicem oblique excavato-truncatis spinisque munitis :
tarsis articvdo primo elongato, anticis in maribus leviter dilatatis : unguiculis simplicibus.

The little genus Apotomus is confined chiefly to Mediterranean latitudes, and
the two or three species of which it is composed appear to be nowhere abundant.
The A. rufiis, — the only Madeu-an representative, — has been recorded in Spain,
Portugal, Italy, Sicily, the south of France, and in Algeria : and I possess, like-
wise, specimens from Corfu ; as also a species very nearly allied to it from Egypt,
collected at Cau-o by my friend Dr. H. Schaum of BerHn. The group recedes from
the typical Scaritides in having the tibiae simple and unpahnated, the maxillary
palpi extremely long, and the terminal joint of the labial ones pilose and acumi-
nated, — a cu'cumstance which caused Latreille to place it near to BembicUum, in
which the palpi are distinctly subulatcd. It is evidently however more nearly
allied to Difomus, a position universally conceded to it by recent entomologists.

14 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Unlike Scarites, the species are extremely active, running with the utmost velocity.
They are very voracious, and reside principally l)eneath stones in moist spots. In
the south of Europe they are usually taken at the edges of rivers and streams, Imt
the only specimen wliich I have myself captured in the Madeu'a Islands was in a
decidedly di'y locality.

11. Apotomus rufas.

A. rufo-ferrugineus pubescens, elytris profunde punctato-striatis, pcdibus elongatis testaceis.

Long. Corp. lin. 2.

Scarites rvfiis, Eossi, Fna Etrus. i. 229. pi. 4. f. 3 (1790).

, Oliv. Ent. iii. 30. 15 (1795).

Apotomus rufus, Hoffimansegg, HI. Mag. fur Ins. vi. 348 (1807).

, Dej. S/iec. (les Col. i. 450 (1825).

, Bndle, Hist. iTa^. des Ins. v. 88 (1835).

Habitat sub lapidibiis pvope urbem Fuuchalensem Maderse, rarior : species a meipso semel tantuBi, ad
Praya Formoza d. 8 Mai. a.d. 1818, rcperta ; sed nupcr ad oram niaritimam juxta Gorgulho
Januario ineunte el. Dom. Hear, Turici, detexit.

A. rufo-testaceous, ^•cl•y pubescent. Head and prothorax exceedingly shining ; the former narrow ;
the latter small and globose, constricted behind, and with a slight dorsal channel which is more
particularly apparent in front. Elytra somewhat cylindrical, regularly and deeply punctate-
striated. Antenna dusky testaceous. Legs long, and very pale.

Apparently rare. The only specimen which I have myself liitherto captm-cd was
from beneath a stone, on the 8th of May 1848, on the rocky ledge immediately
above the Praya Formoza, near Funchal. It has been subsequently, however,
taken by Professor Heer, at the Gorgulho, in the vicinity of the same spot ; as also
by M. Rousset. It rims with extreme rapidity, and has more the appearance, at
first sight and when in motion, of a j)ale-coloiu'ed ant than of a Coleojiterous
insect.

(Subf. 3. CAR^UBIDES.)
Genus 5. CALOSOMA.

Weber, Observat. Entom. 20 (script. Callisoma) (1801).

Co)-pus magnum, parallelo-ovatum : prothorace brevi transverso : alls amplis. Antenna filiformes,
apicem versus pilosse, in maribus capite prothoraceque paulo longiores, in foeminis breviores ;
articulo jirimo robusto, sccundo brevi, tertio elongato, reliquis subncqualibus. Labntm breve
transversum bilobum, lobis ciliatis. Mandibula exsertee substriolata;, intus ad basin dcntc obtuso
instructse. Maxillee biloba; : lobo externa palpifonni biarticulato : interna apice subito incui-vo
acutissimo, intus valde et dense ciliato. Paljn longissimi, articulo ultimo subsecuriformi-truncato.
Mentum transversum trilobum, lobo medio brevi aouto. Ligula brc\issima, pilosa ; paraglossis
coriaccis, ci contiguis caniquc supcrantibus. Pedes longiusculi, robusti : tibiis intus baud emar-
ginatis : tarsis anticis in maribus articuhs quatuor valde dilatatis : unguiculis simplicibus.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 15

The present genus contains insects of a large size, most of which are more or less
brilliantly ornamented with metallic tints ; which even in the black species are
scarcely ever altogether absent, being there replaced by minute golden punctm-es,
or lines. The only representative which the Madeira Islands possess belongs to
this latter division. The Calosoniata are exceedingly voracious ; and may be often
observed either crawling rapidly over the ground in grassy spots, or else mounting
the trunks and branches of trees, where they can obtain with greater facility the
smaller insects and larvae on which they subsist. It is one of the most mdely
distributed genera in the world ; nevertheless the species composing it are not so
numerous as might be expected. North and South America, the "West Indian
Islands, the Cape of Good Hope, the western coast of Africa, China, Siberia, and
even the little island of St. Helena, have however each of them, like Em'ope, their
peculiar forms. The Madeu-an species is found thi'oughout central and southern
Europe, but is nowhere abundant ; nevertheless it would seem to be commoner in
Mediterranean latitudes than elsewhere. It occurs likcAvise in the Canarian
Group.

12. Calosoma Maderse.

C. nigrum, elytris substriatis obsolete transversim undulato-rugosis punctisque viridi-seneis seriatim

impressis, tibiis posterioribus inctu'vis.

Long. Corp. liu. 10^-13.

Carahiis Madera, Pab. S;/st. Ent. 237 (1775).

Indagator, Fab. Mant. Ins. i. 197 (1787),

Jiorteiisis, Eossi, Fna Etrus. i. 205. 1. 1. f. 3 (1790).

■ auropimctatus, Eossi {nee Payk.) Mant. i. 75 (1792).

Maderce, et Indagator, Oliv. Ent. iii. 35. 31 et 42 (1795).

Maderce, et Calosoma Indagator, Fab. Sgst. Eleu. i. 175 et 211 (1801).

Calosoma Indagator, Dej. Spec, des Col. ii. 205 (1826).
— , Heer, Col. Helv. 33 (1841).

Habitat in montibus JIaderee Portusque Saucti, sestate et autumno frequens : ad Eibeiro Frio per
plures annos copiosissime colligebat Rev. Dom. Lowe ; atque etiam a Cabo Gerajao prope Funcbal
cl. Dom. Heer, Turici, mibi nuper communicavit.

C. black, veiy slightly shining. Head and prothor ax rather roughly punctiu-ed ; the latter short and
small, regidarly rounded at the sides, and with a very obscure longitudinal channel which vanishes
in front. Elytra finely striated, the strise usually punctui-ed, but both punctures and striae occa-
sionally almost obsolete ; the interstices with minute, transverse, curved reticulations, having
much the appearance of imbricated scales ; with three rows of bright golden or greenish im-
pressed points. Four hinder tibice long and sUghtly curved*, the anterior ones short and robust.

The Carabus Maderce and Carabus Indagator, both of Fabricius, are unquestion-

* It seems to have been overlooked by Dejeau, as well as by the other uatiu-alists who have described
the present msect, that it is not merely the intermediate tibis which are ciun-ed, but the hinder ones also.

16 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

ably the same species ; and as the former was estahKshed first, we are bound, in
right of jjriority, to retain oui" present insect, specifically, under that name, although
the latter is the one by which it has been hitherto universally recognised. It
appears however that the insect was first descril)ed by Eabricius, from a Madeiran
specimen in the Banksian collection, in the year 1775, as Carabus Maderce ; and
that in 1787 he gave the name of Carabus Indagator to examples of the same fi-om
Barbary. There is no doubt whatsoever that the two insects are one and the same
species. There is not the remotest difference between them in any single respect,
except that the head and prothorax of the Madeii-an specimens are a little more
roughly jiunctured (nevertheless abnost imperceptibly so) than is the case in the
Eui'opean and African ones. And we can only sujipose, either that Fabricius de-
scribed them hastily (as indeed would appear to be the case, since he registers them
])otli as apterous, whereas they are powerfully winged) and without comparison
Uiter se ; or else that the single Madeiran example from, which he A.vii\\ up his
diagnosis chanced to be some slight aberration from the normal tyjic. The former
of these suppositions, however, is probably correct ; for although no tUlference
whatever exists between the insects in question, yet in 1801 he places them, in his
Systema Eleutheratorum, in different genera, retaining the Maderce as a Carabus,
and raising the Iiidagalor to the rank of a Calosoma ! Be the cause of the mistake
however what it may, it is probable that, having once described them as distinct,
th(>y wcvc never afterwards re-examined, but wcyg retained as such m the whole of
his later works, — from Avhence they have been transcribed into nearly every cata-
logue that has been subsequently published. Being an insect which finds its maxi-
mum in Mediterranean latitudes, it \Aould, even a priori, seem far from unlikely
that Madeira and the opposite coast of Barbary should produce it in common : and
such, on investigation, we find to be the case. It occiu"s likewise in Spain, Italy,
the south of France, and in the Canary Islands. The Calosoma Indagator of
Gyllenhal, and of other northern entomologists, is not the Fabrician species,
but the Carabus auropimctatus of Paykvill, — nearly allied to it. The true C. Inda-
gator of Fabricius (/. c. our present species, Maderce, — by which name it must
stand) does not occur apparently in northern Eurojoe at all.

It is tolerablv abundant throughout Madeira and Porto Santo, both at interme-
diate and lofty altitudes. In the former, it has been taken in great i)rofusion by the
llev. R. T. Lowe at the llibeiro Frio, particvdarly during August of 1819, and I have
myself captured it sparingly in the same district. Dm-ing my encampment in the
upland region of the Fanal, in July 1850, I observed it in considerable numbers,
both there and on the Serra of Seisal, crawling rapidly over the short grass in the
hot sunshine, especially after showers. I have not myself detected it 1)elow the
elevation of about 3000 feet above the sea; nevertheless I possess specimens
collected by Professor Heer, at the end of May, on the Cabo Gerajao, near Funchal ;
and others by M. Rousset, on Ihe lUieo de Baxo of Porto Santo, — the lowest alti-
tudes, so far as I am aware, in which it has hitherto been found.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 17

Genus 6. NOTIOPHILUS.

Diuneril, Consid. gen. sur les Ins. 169 (1823).

Corpus parvum, parallelo-oblongunij politissimum : cap'ite lato, oculis maximis promincntibus : pro-
thorace trausvcrso-quadrato : alls amplis. Antenna filiformes, breviusculae. Labrum rotundatum,
margine antico parce ciliato. Mandibulce arciiatse acutse, margine interno dentato. Maxilla
bilobse : lobo externa palpiformi biarticulato : interno incurvo acutOj intus ad basin valde ciliato.
Palpi robustij articiilo ultimo subovato-truncato. Mentum transversum trilobum, lateribus rotun-
datis, lobo medio brevi emarginato. Ligula antice dilatata, in medio acute producta ; paraglossis
angustis incurvis, ligulam vix superantibus. Pedes sat graciles : tibiis iotus baud emarginatis :
tarsis anticis in maribiis articulis tribus vix dilatatis : unguiculis simplicibus.

The singular little insects whicli compose the genus NotiopJiilus are well known
by tlieii" depressed, brilliantly polished surfaces, parallel outline, large transverse
heads, prominent eyes, and by theu' square prothoras. Although specifically not
very numerous, yet abounding as they do, individually, throughout the whole of
Europe, they must be familiar to almost every eye, theu' small glittering bodies so
often observed darting across our pathways, or by the field-sides, especially after
showers, either from beneath clods of earth or out of crevices of the soil, sparkling
like coats of mail to the sun, giving them a character peculiarly their own. They
are extremely variable both in theii- sculptiu'e and hue, being subject to consider-
able local modifications, though more particularly affected, it would appear, by
altitude. Thus, for instance, in our own country, the common representative of
the plains is found likewise on the summits of the mountains, but at that elevation
it becomes liable to great alternations of colour, ranging from pale brassy-brown,
Avith the apex testaceous, mto deep black. The sculptm'e however, perhaps, is
nearly as much dependent on other circumstances, for its modification, as on alti-
tude, since it seems tolerably clear that proximity to the sea-shore, especially
where the localities are saHne, will frequently produce a more faintly impressed
surface, — a peculiarity indeed which I have remarked in other insects besides the
Notiophili.

13. Notiophilus geminatus.

N. viridi-ffineus nitidus, protborace quadi-ato, dense prsesertim ad latera punctato, elytris leviter punc-

tato-striatis plaga longitudinali suturali nitidissima, tibiis testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. 2\-2h-

Notiophilus geminatus, Dej. Spec, des Col. v. 589 (1831).

Habitat in montibus Maderse ac Desertse Grandis, prsesertim ad vias vel sub lapidibus, hinc inde non
infrequens,

N. brassy-brown, usually with a greenish tinge. Head wide, with deep longitudinal striae between the
eyes, which are large and prominent. Prothoro.x short, transverse-quadrate, slightly produced in
the centre of the front margin, and with a deep longitudinal channel; punctured all over, though
obscurely so on the disk. Elytra much depressed, finely punctate-striated, the second interstice

D

18 INSECTA MADEREXSIA.

irom the suture extremely broad and much pohshed. Tibice, and base of antenna testaceous.
Apex of the latter, the femora, and tarsi black.

A somewhat rare insect in Madeira, where I have only taken it sparingly, and
at an altitude from about 3000 to 4000 feet above the sea. The few examples
which I possess are principally from the mountain-slopes at the edges of the
Curral das Freu'as : it has however been captiu'cd by M. Rousset on the Pico
d' Ai'ribentuo, above Punchal. On the Dezerta Grande, Avhere the specimens attain
a larger size, it is far more abundant, occurring in tolerable profusion beneath the
small cluster of fir-trees which have been planted, in the red volcanic soU, on the
flat portion of the summit near to the commencement of the western promontory.
It is found throughout Southern Eiu'ope, and in the north of ^yrica ; and it has
been recorded by "\^'cbb and Berthelot in the Canary Islands.

(Subf. 4. HARPALIDES.)
(Div. 1. CHLiENIIDEA.)

Genus 7. LOEICERA.

Latreille, Gen. Crust, et Ins. i. 224 (1806).

(Subgenus ELLIPT0S03IA, Woll) (Tab. I. fig. 2.)

Corpus mediocre, elongato-ovatum : prothorace subcordato : elytris (in Loricera typica parallelo-ovatis,
sed in nostr^) ellipticis : alis obsoletis. Antenna (I. 2 a) ciuratse setacea;, articulis quinque
baseos setis longissimis munitis, rehquis dense pilosis setisque debilioribus paulatim evanescen-
tibus instructis : articulo primo longissimo robusto subfusiformi, secundo brevi subnodoso, tertio
(in specie nostra) valdc elongate trinodoso, quarto paulo brenore binodoso, quinto (secuudo sub-
jequali) subclavato, reliquis lougitudine subsequalibus (sexto obconico, sequeutibus subcyliudi-icis) .
Labrum (I. 2 b) porrectum, subovatum, postice late truncatum et antice truucato-emarginatum.
MandibulcB (I. 2 c) curtae acutissimse incuiTa:, basi intus denticulatse, extus (in nostra) profunde
fissa;. Maxilla (I. 2 d) biloba;, cxtus ad basin spinoso-fiss?e : lubo externa paljnfomii biarticulato :
interna apice acutissimo intlexo, intus valdc sctoso-ciliato. Palpi elongati iiliformcs, articulo
ultimo elongato subfusiformi-truucato ; labiates (I. 2 e) articulo penultimo valdc elongato sub-
curvato, intus leviter binodoso pilisque longissimis duabus aucto. Mentum transversum, antice
profunde emarginatuin et (in typicA dente medio obtuso, scd in specie Maderensi) dcnte medio
nullo instructuui, lobis rotundatis et ad latera externa pilosis. Ligula apice leviter acuminata ;
paraglossis eam vix superantibus. Pedes (in typica breviusculi, sed in nostr&), pnesertim postici,
longissimi : tarsis anticis in maribus articulis tribus baseos valde dilatatis : unguiculis simplicibus.

The Madeiran representative of the common Loricera xnUcornis is one of the
rarest and most interestui£r of all the indigenous Carabidee. "VMiilst totaUv distuict
from that insect in species, it even recedes from it genericaUy in some respects ;
and I am by no means convinced that it has not as great a claim to constitute a
genus as many other forms have which arc noAV universally admitted, — although

INSECTA MADERENSIA. ' 19

in reality they are but offshoots, in like manner, from central groups. Trvie it is
that the singular structiu-e of its antenna? (which have nevertheless, however,
peculiarities of theii' own in the proportions of then- joints) would tend to identify
it T\dth Loricera ; but still there is no reason why that very character may not be
typical of a small cluster of collateral forms, in precisely the same manner as is the
case with Habrocerus and Tricliophya amongst the StaphyUmdce. To say nothing
of the modifications sufficiently evident in some of its antennal articulations
(amongst which, however, the very long and trinodose thu'd one should be par-
ticularly noticed), our present insect differs from Loricera proper, primarily, in
the construction of its mentum, which has no uidication whatsoever of a tooth in
the centre of its emargination, and has its lobes moreover externally pilose and in-
ternally increased by a small lateral projection.. The oater fissures, likemse, of its
maxilljB are different from those of the true Loricera ; its mandibles have a deep
external incision at their base ; its upper lip is very distinctly trimcated and emar-
ginated at the apex ; and the penultimate joint of its labial palpi is much elongated,
subflexuose, and has the rudiments of nodules on its inner edge. In its outward
aspect also the insect unquestionably recedes from Loricera, its elliptical elytra
and extremely elongated legs giving it a very peculiar appearance. StiE, I have
thought it better, in the present instance, not to isolate it ; and have merely pro-
posed a subgeneric name, in case that future investigations, as is not improbable,
should bring to light other, collateral, forms, ranging beneath a similar type, and
so render its separation desirable.

14. Loricera WoUastomi. (Tab. I. flg. 2.)
It. piceo-brunnea, elytris ellipticis impunctato-striatis, antennis pedibusque testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. 4.

Loricera Wollastonii, Javet, Bull, de la Soc. Ent. ile France (2'*'>'« serie) x. 2.3 (1852).

Habitat sub lapidibus truncisque arborum prolapsis, vel ad fontes, per regionem Maderse sylvaticam,
inde a 3500' s. m., toto anno ; rarissima.

L. dark piceous-brown, slightly sbining. Head and prothorax with a greenish or seneous tinge ; the
former broad, with a depression down the forehead, and constricted behind the eyes, which are
prominent ; the latter narrow, cordate, with a deep fovea on each side behind. Elytra elliptical,
much rounded off at the shoulders and acuminated posteriorly, flattened, deeply striated, the
striffi being impunctate, and with three, sometimes obsolete, depressions down the disk of each.
Mouth, legs, and antenna testaceous.

Apparently extremely rare, although widely distributed thi-oughout the sylvan
districts of Madeu-a, above the altitude of about 3500 feet. It occm-s under stones
and fallen tunber in moist spots, especially in the immediate vicinity of the minute
trickling streams which issue from out of the crevices of the rocks in the dense
ravines of a hi^h elevation. I fii-st discovered it, on the 18th of February 1849,

d2

20 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

near the upper extemity of the Boa Ventura : and in May 1850 I again detected it,
beneath logs of wood, at the edges of the Levada of the Ribeu-o Frio ; and dui'ing
my encampment in the lofty uplands of the Cruzinhas and the Fanal, in July of
the same year, I obtained several specimens from beneath dead leaves and under
the decaying trimks of trees with which those remote forest regions everywhere
aboiind.

Genus 8. EURYGNATHUS, WoU. (Tab. I. fig. 1 et 3.)

Corpus magnum, oblongo-ovatum, depressum, Licino affine : capita magno, in fceminis latiore et ple-
rumque maximo : prothorace subquadrato : ehjtris connatis : alls nullis. Antenrue filiformes,
capite prothoraceque vix breviores, articulo primo robusto, secundo brevi, tei-tii apice et sequen-
tibus pilosis. Labrum (I. 1 a, et I. 3 a) transversum, anticc setosum integrum. Mandibula
validffi latfe robustse crassae obtusissimae, superficie superiore insequali, intus baud dentatse.
Maxilla (I. 3 b) bilobae, breves : lobo externa palpiformi biarticulato : interna flexuoso, parum
obtuso, intus valde ciliato. Palpi articulo pcnultimo elongato, ultimo subsecuriformi-truncato.
Mentum (I. 3 c) transversum, antice profuude emarginatum et dente medio nullo instructum.
Ligula ampla elongato-quadrata, apice integra ; paraglossis ei aqualibus. Pedes elongati, vix
robusti : tarsis aniicis in maribus (I. 1 b) articulis primo et secundo valde dilatatis (illo elongato-
subquadrato, hoc breviore transverso-quadrato), tertio quartoque parvis ; ultimo in omnibus
elongato subelavato : ungidculis simplicibus.

A €vpv<; latus, et yvddo^ mandibulum.

The singular insect, so abundant in Porto Santo, from which the above diagnosis
has been di'a^vn, ymtglit prima facie be mistaken for a gigantic Licinus ; neverthe-
less a closer inspection will at once show that it possesses many important distinc-
tions which must tend to separate it altogether from that genus. Thus, for
instance, its mandibles are extremely broad, obtuse, and thick, -n-ithout any appear-
ance of teeth internally ; its upper lip, unlike that of Licimts, is perfectly entii-e ;
its ligula is more elongated ; and its inner maxillary lobe is short, and blunt at
the apex. Its greatest pecidiarities, however, arc unquestionably external ones,
for, in addition to its apterous body and connate elji;ra (in both of which respects
it recedes from Licimis), it presents a most anomalous character, — and one un-
paralleled in any other Coleopterous form "with wliich I am acquainted, — in the fact
that the females have the head usually greatly developed and broad, wliilst in the
males it is comparatively narrow and small. So unusual a circumstance as this
led me to suppose, before I had seen the insect in suificieut profusion, that there
were two distinct species, and that I had only obtained one sex of each : Init diu-ing
my residence in the island of Porto Santo, in the ^\'inter of 1818, I had an oppor-
tunity not only of obser-vdng them in situ, but also in coitu ; and of remarking
likewise, from the examination of many hunchvd specimens, that the (Ulatcd tarsi
(the essential characteristic of the males) invariably accompanied tlie small heads,
— and vice versa. It was not, however, in every instance that the heads of the
females were largely developed; nevertheless the tendency to become so was

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 21

apparent in them all, and in about two-thircls of the entire number ■\vliieh came
beneath my notice, it was literally immense. This character is so remarkable, that
we should naturally have expected, even a priori, that others would be found, in
conjunction with it, of sufficient importance to establish the lAcimis Latreillei of
Laporte as a distinct genus.

15. Eurygnathus Latreillei. (Tab. I. fig. l et 3.)

E. ater nitidus, prothorace subquadrato angulis posticis punctatis, elytris ovatis striatis, striis vix
punctatis, antennarum apice pedibusque piceis.
Fmm. capite plerumque latiore magno.
Long. Corp. lin. 9i-12.

Var. /3. opacus, prothorace latiore lateribus valde recurvis, angulis posticis vix punctatis, elytris
parallelo-ovatis, punctato-striatis. (Ins. Deserta Grandis.)
Long. Corp. lin. 11-13.

Licinus Latreillei, Laporte, Utud. Ent. i. 83 (1834).

Habitat sub lapidibus in Portu Sancto, tempore hiberno et vernali, vulgaris : varietatem /3. in insula
Desertse Grandis soli, nieuse Januario a.d. 1849, inveni.

C deep black, shining. Eyes small, remote from the prothorax, wbicb is subquadrate, and a little
narrowed behind, with the lateral edges (especiaUy posteriorly) recurved upwards ; with a longitu-
dinal channel down the disk, and with a few large, shallow, scattered punctures towards the basal
angles. Elytra deeply striated, the strioe being scarcely perceptibly punctate. Antenna (the basal
portions of the first and second joints excepted), palpi, a depressed segmental space behind the
labrum, and the feet, more or less brown or piceous.
Vai-. /3. larger and more parallel, opake ; the prothorax rather wider, especially in front, with its
edges more broadly recurved and its hinder angles less distinctly punctured ; whilst the elytral
striae are more perceptibly punctate. (The state peculiar to the Dezerta Grande.)

A common insect beneath stones in Porto Santo, dui-ing the winter and early
spring months. I have usually found it in greater profusion towards the eastern
extremity of the island than in any other position, especially on the grassy slopes
of the Pico de Baxo (the high conical hiU, on the coast, to the eastward of the
Cidade), and in the dry, sandy, fossUiferous district immediately below it, to the
north, knowTi as the Zimbral d'Areia, — at the mouth of the Kibeii'o de Serra de
Fora. On the open plain of the Campo de Baxo, which extends across the island
to the westward of the iovna., it UkcAvise occvirs, though more sparingly : whilst on
the large adjacent limestone rock of the Ilheo de Baxo, where I first discovered it,
it is tolerably abuudant. The specimens on the Dezerta Grande assume a distiact
variety, — the insect ha-ving apparently become modified by long isolation on that
island, where it not only attains a much larger size than in Porto Santo, but is
invariably also more parallel and opake, has the sides of its prothorax more

22 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

recurved, with the punctures towards the lateral angles almost obsolete, and the
striae of its elytra somewhat more evidently pimctate. It is exceedingly rare on
the Dezerta Grande, the only spot in which I have hitherto observed it bcuig,
under stones, at the upper edge of the precipitous gorge which descends to the
eastern shore from the immediate head of the long northern vaUey. On the Flat
Dezerta, or Ilheo Chao, I have not succeeded in detecting it ; nor as yet in any
part of Madeira proper.

Genus 9. ZARGUS, TTW. (Tab. I. fig. 4, 5 et 6.)

Corpus mediocre, clongato-ovatum, deprcssum, Calatlio habitii generali proximum sed ab eo certe
distinctum : pruthorace subcordato : ehjtris plus minusve inteiTupto-striatis : alls obsolctis. An-
tennee filiformes gi-acillimse, capite prothoraceque paulo longiores, articulo primo elongate sat
robusto clavato, secimdo brevij tertio primo breviore. Labrum (I. 4 a) prominulum transversum,
antice profunde bilobum, lobo quoque seta longissima apicali instnicto. Mandibula porrectse
elongatse angustatas^ ad apicem subito intlex;e acutse, infra apicem dente magno acuto basi
latissimo munitaj, margine interno valde ciliato. Maxilla (1.46) bilobse, angusto-elongatse :
lobo externa pali)ifornii biarticulato, articulo primo elongato flexuoso, secundo crassiorc clongato-
subovato : interno huic paulo longiore, angusto recto, ad apicem subito ineurvo acutissimo, intus
dense ct fortiter ciliato. Palpi elongati subfiliformcs : maxiUares articulo primo minuto, secundo
elongato subcurvato, tertio quartoque longitudine fequabbus, hoc elongato fusiformi-ovato : la-
hiales (I. 4 c) c scapis ligulaj connatis surgentcs, articulo primo minuto, secundo tertioque sub-
ajqualibus, illo setis duabus internis aucto, boc elongato fusiformi-subovato. Mentum transver-
sum, antice profunde emarginatum et dente medio nullo instructum. Ligula elongata apice
truncata, membranacea, in media parte antica subcornea setisque duabus omata; paraglossis
tcnuissimis acuminatis, cam supcrantibus. Pedes longiusculi, gracilcs : tarsis anticis in maribus
(I. 4(f, 4e) articulis primo, secundo et tertio valde dilatatis subtus lacinioso-papillosis (primo
obtriangulari angulis anticis rotundatis, secundo tertioque subrotundatis), quarto parvo triangu-
lari ; ultimo in omnibus elongato subclavato : unguiculis simplicibus.

Huic generi nomen dedi in honorem Zargo, insignis viri Lusitanici, qui, a.d. 1419, !Maderam primus
invenisse apud historic scriptores memoratur.

There is perhaps no genus which it has been found necessary to establish, in the
present work, for the reception of new Coleopterous forms from the ]\[adeira
Islands, more interesting, or which may be said to be better defined or more
strictly uidigcnous, than the present one ; for not only docs it differ in many of its
most essential characters from the subfamily Uarpalides (to wliich, nevertheless,
it evidently belongs), but, — if we except a portion of the Scaritides, — it recedes, in
its powerfully dentate and ciliated mandibles, fi'om every member of the entire
Carabidce \nih. which I am acquainted. "VMiilst however there can be no doubt
but that it is correctly referred to Wxa Uarpalides, its exact position therein is not at
first sight altogether intelligible. From the Fterosticliidea (the second of the three
great divisions of the HarpaUdes), to some of the genera of Avliich, particidarly
Calatlnis, it most nearly, in its outward aspect, approximates, the rounded form of
its dilated tarsal joints, which are densely clothed beneath with ragged appendages,

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 23

arranged promiscuously and not distributed in a double row ; added to the un-
toothed emargination of its mentum, its simple claws, its deeply bilobed upper lip,
membranaceous Ugula, and its largely developed paraglossre, entirely remove it.
And although the first four of the above details (namely, the structure of its male
foot, above and below, its unserrated claws, and its mentimi destitute of a central
tooth) point to the Chlceniidea as its more natm^al. location ; yet the remaioing
three (namely, the remarkable form of its upper Hp, its thin imperfect ligula, and
its ample paraglossae), in addition to its porrected, strongly dentate, and ciliated
mandibles, are altogether as unrepresented in that division as they are iu the
Pterostlchldea, and would seem almost to debar it from entrance even there. Still
there is no other section of the Harpalides which, as usually defined, could so Avell
receive it ; and since it is necessarily a choice between difiiculties in assigning it a
position at all, we must be content to accept that one which offers the fewest
obstacles to its admission. Whilst therefore it must needs present anomalies
wherever it be placed, yet I believe that it wiU be found, upon the whole, lohen at
the end of the Chlceniidea (and immediately before the commencement of the
Pterostichidea) to be nearest to those genera with which it has the greatest
affinity*. And strange as it may appear in a geographical poiat of view, I am
inclined to suspect that it has perhaj)s a closer connection with the little genus
Homethes, Newman, from Australia, than with any other form liitherto discovered.
The Zargi are extremely voracious, and have as much the habits as they have the
external aspect of the Calathi. They reside, almost exclusively, beneath stones
in grassy spots, and are more particularly abundant at low and intermediate
altitudes.

16. Zar^s Schaumii, Wall. (Tab. I. fig. 5.)

Z. nigro-piceus, supra piceus opacus valde depressus, protliorace subelongato angusto cordato niar-
ginibus infuscatis, elytris profunde interrupto-striatis, lateribus antenuisque infuscatis, pedibus
pallidis.

Loug. Corp. lin. 5-5|.

Habitat in graminosis Madcrse, sub lapidibus, uon infrequens : in Madera australi iuter 500' et 3000'
s. m. prsedominat, sed in Madera boreali usque ad maris litus descendit.

Ob gratias mihi amicissime oblatas banc speciem Zargi eximiam in bonorem Entomologici peritissimi
H. Schaum, M.D,, Berolini, stabilivi.

Z. beneatb dark piceous-black ; above piceous, opake, and exceedingly flattened. Mouth prominent,
and rufo-piceous. Prothorax narrow, somewhat elongated, cordate, widest in front, much

* Ti'ue it is indeed that its extremely membranaceous ligula, with the minute subcomeous centre,
finds an analogue in the genus Bracldnus ; and that the papillose under surface of its male tarsi, its un-
toothed meuttmi, simple claws, and subclavate palpi are, likewise, severally represented in the other
genera of the Braclunides ; nevertheless I cannot persuade myself that it has any real aflSnity whatsoever

24 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

wrinkled, and vnih an obscure longitudinal channel ; the margins broadly infuscate, a good deal
flattened, and recurved, especially behind. Elytra ovate, very much depressed, most finely and
minutely gi-anulated, and very deeply striated, — the strife interrupted at regular intervals, and
consisting of a series of elongated impressions which cause the surface to appear pitted or em-
bossed ; the lateral margins obscurely infuscate, and with a series of large ocellated impressions.
Antenna and legs long and slender ; the former fuscous ; the latter, especially the femora, very
pale testaceous.

A very elegant and peculiar insect, and at once distinguished from tlie other
Zargi by its large size, flattened form, piceous hue, by its long, slender legs and
antennae, by its subcordate and comparatively elongated prothorax, and by its
deeply pitted elytra. It is found, beneath stones, in most parts of Madeira, though
seldom above the altitude of about 3500 feet. On the northern side of the island
it descends to the sea-shore, but on the southern its range does not commence so
low. It occurs very plentifully at times, making its appearance about the end of
summer and lasting until the following spring. On the western slopes of the Pico
do Cardo, near Tunchal, in the Chestnut-wood in the vicinity of the Mount Church,
as also in the north of the island, at the Passo d'Areia near Sao Vincente, on the
level of the beach, I have myseK captured it in considerable abundance. It seems
to be a species peculiar to Madeira proper, it not having been hitherto observed in
any of the other islands of the group.

17. Zargus Desertse, Woll. (Tab. I. fig. 4.)

Z. piceo-niger opacus depressus, prothorace parvo angusto rotundato-subcordato marginibus obscu-
rissime subinfuscatis, elytris leviter subinterrupto-striatis, lateribus antennisque subinfuscatis,
tarsis fuscis.

Long. Corp. lin. 4-4|.

Habitat sub lapidibus in ins. Desertse Grandis, una cum Calatho complaiiato dcgens, — Januario
exeunte a.d. 1849 a meipso detectus.

Z. black, with a very slightly piceous tinge, opake, and depressed, though not. quite so much so as
the last species. Mouth exceedingly prominent, and piceous. Prothorax short, small, much
rounded at the sides, being widest about the middle, slightly wrinkled, and with a tolerably
distinct longitudinal channel ; the margins very naiTowly and most obscurely infuscate, scarcely
at all flattened, and very slightly recurved behind. Elytra ovate, less depressed than in the
Z. Schaumii, most finely and minutely granuled, and lightly striated, — the stria: having gene-
rally a little tendency to be interrupted, though far less so than is the case in the last species ;
the extreme lateral margins most obscxirely infuscate, and with a series of large ocellated im-

with the insects of that division of tlie Caralicla, since its entire general habit recedes from them altogether,
and bespeaks, m every respect, an intimate relation to the JI(n-j)alides. Added to which, the largely-
expanded and rounded joints of its male tarsi wovdd, even alone, at once remove it from the whole race of
the Brachinides.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 25

pressions. Antenna and legs shorter and rather more robust than those of the Z. Schaumii ;
the former fuscous ; the latter piceous, with the tarsi rufo-fuscous.

An exceedingly well-marked species, intermediate, both in size and sciili^ture,
between the Z. Scliaumii and the Z. pellncklus, though with abundant distinctive
characters of its own. Its dark, black hue (its extreme margins, its mouth, and its
tarsi being alone. somewhat fuscescent), added to its short, laterally-rounded pro-
thorax (which is widest about the middle), and its lightly impressed, scarcely
interrupted elytral striae, will serve prinid facie to separate it from the rest of the
genus; whilst from the Z. Schaumii in particular its shorter legs and antennae,
and its less depressed form will still fui'ther tend to remove it. It occm's exclu-
sively, so far as I have hitherto observed, on the Dezerta Grande, where I captured
it m tolerable abundance, in company with Calatlms complanatus, during January
1849, from beneath stones at the head of the great northern valley. They are
extremely active, and apparently very voracious (as indeed their prominent, thickly
ciliated mandibles would seem to indicate), attacking indiscriminately everytliing
with which they may chance to be enclosed, not even sparing theii' own kind. I
possess a remarkable example of a hybrid between the Z. Desertce and the C. com-
planatus, in which one of the elytra is that of an ordinary Calatlms, whilst the other
is much shorter and precisely that of the former insect : the claws moreover are
very imperfectly formed, and some of them are not developed at all. It was'taken
under a stone, in company with a profusion of specimens of the two species in
question, of which there can be no doubt but that it is the common progeny.

18. Zargus pellucidus, Woll. (Tab. I. fig. 6.)

Z. nigro-piceus, supra luteo-infuscatns nitidus subdepressus, prothorace parvo angusto subquadrato
marginibus pallidis, elytris diluto-infuscatis striatis, lateribus, antennis pedibusque pallidis.
Var. (3. vis major et obscurior (ins. Deserta Grandis).
Long. corp. lin. Z\-'i^.

Habitat sub lapidibus IMaderse, in eonvallibus umbrosis declivibusque humidiusculis, tempore hiberno
et vernali, rarissimus : var. /3. in ins. Deserta Grandi et tantum illic occurrit, qua mense Januario
A.D. 1849 duo specimina in rupium fissuris apricarum detexi.

Z. beneath dark piceous-black ; above yellowish-brown, though of an unequal or irregular intensity
in different parts, which gives it a diluted or somewhat transparent appearance ; shining, and
about as much depressed as the last species. Mouth prominent, and pale testaceous. Prothorax
very small, narrow and subquadrate, a little wider before than behind, with very slight indications
of wrinkles, and with a deep dorsal channel ; the margins broadly and distinctly pale, leaving a
square patch on the disk alone dark. Elytra ovate, a little more depressed than in the Z. Deserta,
regularly and rather deeply striated, — the striaj having apparently no tendency to be interrupted ;
with two small depressions on the disk of each, and occasionally one or two extra, irregular ones,
which however appear to be accidental rather than typical ; the lateral margins (particularly the

E

26 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

large ocellated impressions) always, and the shoulders and suture occasionally, more or less pale.
ATitenn<2 and legs slender, but not very long, and exceedingly pale testaceous.
Var. jS. a little larger and darker. (The state peculiar to the Dczerta Grande.)

An extremely rare insect, and known at once from the other Zargi here de-
scribed by its comparatively small size, by its shining, yollowish-bro^^Tl and iiTegn-
larlv clouded sui-face, by its niiuutc, narrow, and snl)quacbate prothorax, wliieh
has the margins broadly and distinctly pale, and by its elytra being imiformly
striated, and free from the pitted appearance which is so evident in the Z.Schanmii,
and is indicated, thovigh more obscurely, in the last species also. It would seem
to be of the greatest rarity, the only four specimens which have as yet come beneath
my observation ha\dng been captured l)y myself, — two in Madeira proper, amongst
small stones and vegetation at the base of the damp perpendicular rocks about
half-way up the Ribeu'o de Santa Luzia, dvu-iug the early spring ; and two on the
Dczerta Grande, from out of the cracks of the exposed weather-beaten eminences
of red volcanic soU (so well known to all who have landed on the island by their
loose rotten struct m'c, and worn, rounded forms) at the extreme head of the great
northern valley, dm-ing January 1849.

(Div. 2. PTEROSTICIilDEA.)
Genus 10. PRISTONYCHUS.

Dejean, Species des Col. iii. 43 (1828).

Corpus sat magnum, elongato-ovatum, depressiusculum : prothorace subcordato : alis (in typicis
obsoletis, sed in specie Maderensi) amplissimis. Antenna filiibrmes, capite prothoraceque paulo
longiores, articulo primo sequentibus robustiore, sccundo brcv-i. Labrum quadi-atum, antice
leviter emarginatum et setis paucis longissimis instructum, angulis anticis rotundatis ciUatis.
Mandibidm incurvoe acutie, intus basi denticulatre. Maxilla bilobse : loho extenw palj)iformi
biarticulato : internn acuto incurvo, apice uncinato, intus valde eiliato. Palpi iililbrmes, articulo
ultimo fusifornii-truncato. Mcnium transversum, antice profunde emarginatum et dente medio
brevi bifido instructum. Ligida cornea, apice truncata pihsque duobus longissimis aucta : para-
fflossis mcmbranaceis linearibus, earn longe superantibus. Pedes longi, graciles : tarsis anticis in
maribus articulis primo, sccundo et tertio leviter dilatatis, triangularibus et subtus biseriato-
setosis : unguiculis basi leviter serratis.

Pristoiii/c/iKS in nearly all piu'cly structural points is coincident with CaUdhus,
its more elongated paraglossic, which are linear, and stretch out to a considerable
distance beyond the apex of its ligula, added to its less powerfully serrated claws,
being apparently the sole distinctive characters, apart from external ones, a\ hich
remove it from that genus*. In real fact however, the whole of this section of the

* I have not seen it elsewhere remarked, but I imagine that it is, in all probability, owing to the want
of this prolongation of the pai-aglossa; in Calathus that the ligula of that genus is described by Erichsou,

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 27

Carahidce presents so few, and such sliglit modifications in the oral organs that it
is positively necessary to depend in a great measm-e on outward details even for
generic purposes, unless we are content to amalgamate many grovips which are
universally received. As some compensation however for the deficiency in struc-
tm'al differences, the Frlstonychi are most easily separated from the Calathi exter-
nally, being not only larger and darker insects (their colour being for the most
part black, with a violet or pm-plish tinge), and with much longer legs, but their
prothorax is in every instance more or less narrowed behind, instead of (as is the
case with the latter) in front. The Fristoiii/cM are of a more darkling nature
than the Calathi, being, like the genus Spliodrus, often found in houses, or at any
rate in the immediate vicinity of habitations : and even when this is not the case,
the same kind of propensity seems to be indicated by the peculiarity of the localities
which they select, — a marked preference being sho^vn for caves, and other partially
sheltered spots, beneath the stones in which they frequently delight to congregate.

19. Pristonychus alatus, WoU.

P. alatus, niger, prothorace subcordato, elytris subpuuctato-striatis obscure cyaneis, antennis pedi-

busque plus minusve picescentibus, tibiis in utroque sexu rectis.
Long. Corp. lin. 6-9.

Habitat sub lapidibus in colliuis Maderpe maritimis atque in cavernis tufae, sat frequens : ad Ribeiro
Secco prope ui'bem Funclialensem d. 13 Feb. coUegit cl. Dom. Heer, necnon baud procul a
Sancta Cruce egoniet deprebensi : in insula Portu Sancto usque ad maris litus descendit, qua
prope oppidum mense Decembri exeunte a.d. 1848 copiosissime legi.

P. dark piceous-black, and very sligbtly shining; above witb an obsciu'e bluish tinge, especially on
the elytra, where it is occasionally comparatively brilliant. Head and prothorax nan-ower than
the elytra ; the former with two deep longitudinal impressions on the forehead ; the latter sub-
cordate, with an obscure dorsal channel, and with a deep longitudinal fovea on either side at the
base. Elytra striated, the striae being most obscurely punctured. JVings greatly developed. Legs
palpi and antenna more or less picescent ; the apex of the last, and the tarsi, brownish. Tibia, in
both sexes, straight, and very slender. Claws distinctly serrated.

Eor a long time I had conceived the present JPristonychus to be identical Avith
the European P. subcijaneus, for it bears so strong a resemblance primd facie to
that insect, that, without exainination, it is not easy to separate the two. A more
careful inquiiy however has since convinced me that the Madeiran species is un-
questionably distinct, since the structui'al differences wliich it exhibits are such as
can scarcely be accounted for by the agency either of isolation or of latitude. Thus,

and by most entomologists after him, as " ligula apice rotmidata." In real troth the hgula of Calathus
is as much ti-uucated in front as that of Pristonychus and of the allied genera ; but the fact of its para-
glossae being short, and consequently not projecting at the angles, gives the entire labium a somewhat
roimded appearance anteriorly.

E 2

28 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

in its largely developed ^ings it recedes, I believe, from e-\-ery Pristonycluts yet
described, whilst its straightened and slender tibia?, in both sexes, will serve,
additionally, to distinguish it from the P. subcyanens, in which the intermediate
and hinder pair (especially the former) are decidetlly curved, as well as more
densely ciliated towards their internal ajiex. The claws, moreover, of the P. alatus
are more powerfully serrated at then- base than is usual in the other representatives
of the genus. It does not appear to be a very abundant insect in Madeii'a, although
pretty generally distributed along the southern coast in positions sKghtly elevated
above the shore. On the liills between Machico and Sancta Cruz I have captm-ed
it, not uncommonly, diu'ing the winter months ; and it has been, likewise, taken
by Professor Heer in the llibeu'O Secco, near Eunchal. In Porto Santo it is com-
Ijaratively plentiful, where, at the end of December 1848, I obtained it in con-
siderable profusion from the vicinity of the Cidade.

Genus 11. CALATHUS.

Bonelli, Observ. Ent. i. tah. sgn. (1809).

Corpus mediocre, elongato-ovatum, plcrumque depressiim : prothorace subquadrato, antice ssepius
angustato : alis (in tj-jiicis amplis, sod in speciebus Maderensibus) obsok-tis. Antenna filiformes,
capite prothoraceque paulo longiores, articulo primo sequentibus robustiorc, secundo bre\i, tertio
primo multo longiore. Labrum quadi-atum, antice leviter emarginatum et setis paucis longissimis
instructum, angulis anticis rotundatis ciliatis. Mandibula breves incurvre acutte, intus basi den-
ticulatEG. Maxilla biloboe : loho externa palpiformi biarticulato : interna acuto incurvo, apice
uncinate, intus valde ciliato. Palpi filiformes, articulo ultimo subfusifonni-truncato. Mentum
transversum, antice profunde emarginatum et dcnte medio bre\-i bifido instruetum. Ligula
cornea, apice truneata pilisqiie diiobus longissimis aucta ; parar/lossis menibranaccis, ei asqualibus.
Pedes longiusculi, graciles : farsis anticis in niaribus articulis primo, secundo et tertio le\iter
dilatatis, subtriangularibus : unguiculis valde serratis.

The distinctions between the present genus and the last have been already
pointed out,— theu' main difference, so far at least as theii" oral organs are con-
cerned, consisting in the form and development of their respective paraglossae,
and the consequent modifications in the general aspect of then- labia. So greatly
indeed, in the parts of theu" mouth, do the whole of these immediate groups
resemble each other, that both Calathus and Pristouychits approximate almost as
much to Argntor as they do inter se; and, in fact, if that genus could be severed
from Ptei'oslichits, it would constitute, in the structure of its trophi, a very gradual
passage between the two, since its paraglossae are shorter and less porrccted than
those of tlic latter, but more developed than those of the former, — wliilst in the
truncation of their ligula? the whole three are almost coincident. Externally how-
ever both Pyistoiiychits and Calathus recede very e"\"idently from Argvtor, though
especially perhaps in having their fore-tibitc and male tarsi less dilated than is the
case Avith the latter and its allied groups. The Calathi reside principally beneath

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 29

stones in grassy spots, and in Madeira are most abundant at intermediate and
lofty altitudes.

20. Calathus vividus.

C. apterus fusco-piceus, prothorace augusto elongato-quadi'ato lateribus valde reflexis ferrugiiieis,

elytris ovatis profunde striatis, siugulo punctis tribus vel quatuor impresso, antennis pedibusque

longissimis testaceis.
Long. corp. lin. 6-7.

Carahus vividus, Fab. (testibus D.D. Scliaum, AVestermann et Scbiodte) Syst. Eleu. i. 194 (1801).
Sclion. Syn. Ins. i. 199 (1806).

Habitat sub lapidibus truncisque arborum prolapsis in montibus JMaderse, sat frequens.

C. apterous, light brownish-piceous, rarely dark ; the males slightly shining, the females opake.
Head and pruthurax elongated ; the latter narrow and nearly parallel, mth the sides usually much
reflexed and ferruginous ; longitudinally channelled in the centre, and with a large impunctate
fovea on either side at the base. Elytra ovate, broadest about the middle, deeply striated, and
each with three or four usually distinct impressions down its disk near the third stria from the
suture. Legs and antenna exceedingly long, and, with the palpi, usually pale ferruginous, or
testaceous.

The present species may be cUstinguished from every variety of the C. con/p/a-
natiis by its larger size, by the greater length of its legs and antennse, and by its
narrow, elongated, parallel prothorax, which has the lateral margins usually much
recurved. The colour also is generally somewhat paler than in that insect, and its
legs and antennse are more testaceous. It is decidedly rarer than either of the
other Madeiran Calathi, nevertheless it is sufficiently abundant in certain districts
of a lofty elevation. I have taken it near the summit of the Pico Ruivo, at al)out
6000 feet above the sea ; and it was captured by Professor Heer on the Pico dos
Bodes and at the Jardina de Serra, ia 1851. That the insect is correctly identified
I am enabled to state on the authority of my fi'iend Dr. H. Schaimi of Berlin, wlio
examined the original type in the Royal Museum of Copenhagen in the year 1815.
This conclusion has been recently corroborated by a communication from M. Dohrn
of Stettin, who forwarded my own specimens for comparison to Copenhagen, where
they were pronounced, by both "VYestermann and Schiodte, to be imquestionably
the true Carohus vividus of Fabricius. It is -wi'ongly stated in the Systemu Eleu-
tliemtorum to be winged, since, like the rest of the Madeiran Calathi, it is invari-
ably apterous : and had not the original tyjies been stUl in existence, it would ha-\e
been impossible to have recognised oiu^ present insect in the miserably poor
diagnosis there given of it, which would seem indeed, — if it conveys the slightest
idea of anything at all, being equally applicable to about two-thirds of the entire
CaraUdce, — to be better adapted perhaps to the Sarpalus which Dejean erro-
neously, though not unnaturally, afterwards referred to it, than to the Calathvs
now under consideration.

30 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

21. Calathus complanatus.
C. apterus piceuSj prothorace subquadi-ato antice et posticc leviter angustato lateribus subreflexis vix
fernigineis, elytris ovatis profimde striatis, singulo piinctis tribus vel quatuor impresso, antennis
pedibusque ferrugineis.
Long. cor]), liu. 4J-5|.

Vw. a. depressus piceus, in utroque sexu prsesertim foemineo subopacus, prothorace angustato.

Long. 5-5i lin. {Madera; usque ad 4000' s. m. prsedominans.)
Var. /3. depressus nigro-piceus leviter angustatus, in utroque sexu prajsertim fcEminco subopacus,

prothorace angustato. Long. 5-6 hn. {Deserta Grandis.)
Var. y. valde depressus piceus latiusculus brevis, mare parum nitido, fcemina valde opaca, prothorace

latiusculo. Long. 4^5i hn. [Partus Sancttis.)
Var. 8. subconvexus piceus latus breviusculus, in utroque sexu prjesertim raasculo nitidus, pro-
thorace lato. Long. 4|— 5 hn. {Madera; a 4000' s. m. usque ad cacumina montium ascendens.)
Long. corj). hn. 4>-G.

Calathis complanatus, (Kollar) Dej. Spec, dcs Col. iii. 73 (1828).

Habitat insulas Maderenses, sub lapidibus trancisque arborum projectis, ubique vulgatissimus, ab ora
maritimS, usque ad cacumina montium ascendens.

C. apterous, usually dark piccous ; the males slightly shining, the females more or less opake. Head
and protliorax less elongated than in the C. vividus ; the latter subquadrate, slightly narrowed
both before and behind, with the sides less reflexed than, and not so ferruginous as, in that
species ; longitudinally channelled in the centre, and with an impunctate fovea on either side at
the base. Elytra ovate, broadest about the uiiddle, deeply striated, and each with three or four
rather obscure impressions down the disk near the thu-d stria from the suture. Legs and antenna
much shorter than in the last species, and, with the paljii, generally dark ferruginous.

Var. a., depressed, piccous; prothorax narrow; both sexes, especially the female, nearly opake.
{Madeira : the typical state below 4000 feet.)

Var. /3. depressed, dark piccous, not quite so wide as the last, and the elytra rather more faintly
striated ; prothorax narrow ; both sexes, especially the female, nearly opake. [Dezerta Grande.)

Var. 7. exceedingly depressed, piccous, generally broader in proportion and shorter than the other
varieties; prothorax rather wide, and a little convex anteriorly; the males very distinctly shining,
the females exceedingly opake. {Porto Santo.)

Var 8. rather cou\ex, light piccous, broad and short ; prothorax wide, convex in front ; both sexes
shining, especially the male, which is often very bright. {Madeira : the usual state in the loftiest
altitudes.)

The present insect is perhaps one of the most variable of all the Madcu-an
Colcoptcra, there being scarcely an altitude or a single rock which has not its own
modification of it, although the aberrations, it is true, are oftentimes but small.
Stni, since their outer limits are exceedingly far apart, they become, in the general
question concerning the influence of locality on insect form, extremely important,
and show but too clearly how great a number of so-caUed species might be erected

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 31

on a single one, when they are not viewed in the mass, and where only a few
examples, received from a distant country and without any local data to reason
from, constitute the whole of our knowledge concerning them. I have not of
course attempted, in the ahove diagnosis, to indicate all the varieties of this pro-
tean species, for they are so numerous that such would be impossible ; but I have
endeavoured to alight vipon those more prominent forms which are characteristic
of the islands and altitudes in which they severally obtain. Nevertheless they
must be regarded only as resting-points on the way, since the intermediate linlvs,
and even occasionally perhaps monstrosities at either extremity, can be supplied
without difficulty by observation on the spot. It will be perceived that those
specimens which have been isolated on the Dezerta Grande have, as usual, attained
a somewhat larger size than those on the other islands ; whereas the Porto Santan
representatives, in addition to the flatter surface which they have assumed, have
slightly diminished in stature : whilst in the less uniform island of Madeira, where
alone we have sufficient altitude to influence them, we observe a range of structm'e
proportionably large, — in length, breadth, colour and sculpture, according to the
cii'cumstances of the respective districts.

22. Calathus fuscus.

C. sub-alatus piceus, prothorace quadrato antice leviter angustato lateribus ferrugineis, elytris sub-

parallelis siibtiliter striatis, singulo punctis duobus impresso, antennis pedibiisque testaceis.

Long. Corp. lin. 5.

Gar abus fuscus, Fab. Ent. Syst. i. 158 (1792).

■ amhiguus, Payk. Fna Suec. i. 165 (1798).

Harpalus fuscus, Gyll. Ins. Suec. ii. 126 (1810).
Calathus fuscus, Dej. Spec, ties Col. iii. 71 (1828).

Habitat sub lapidibus in montibus superioribus Maderse, inde a 3500' s. m., copiosissime.

C. apterous, or with the wings very rudimentary ; piceous, the males exceedingly shining, the females
rather more opake. Head and prothurax much polished ; the latter quadrate, wide behind and a
little narrowed in front, with the sides scarcely at all reflesed, though brightly ferruginous ; lon-
gitudinally but not deeply channelled in the centre, and with a very shallow impunctate fovea on
either side at the base. Elytra nearly parallel, slightly broader in the middle than at the base,
finely striated, and each with two imjjrcssions on the disk, the anterior one being near the third
stria, and the posterior one near the second, from the suture. Legs, antennce and palpi
testaceous.

A conxmon European insect, at once distinguished from the two preceding species
by its comparatively parallel form, wide prothorax, glossy sm"face, by its shorter
legs and antennge, and by its more finely striated elytra, which have only two
punctures, and those often very indistinct, upon the disk of each. It occurs
abundantly beneath stones in the mountains of Madeira, though only at liigh
altitudes, making its appearance at about 3000 feet above the sea, and ascending

32 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

to the summits of the loftiest peaks. Diu'ing the autumnal and "winter months I
have observed it in the greatest profusion in the elevated region between the Pico
da Lagoa and the Pico dos Arieros ; and on the extreme summit of the Pico
Ruivo, 6100 feet above the sea, in the middle of the siimmer. It is abundant in
most parts of Eui'ope, being recorded in Sweden, Germany, France, S^vitzerland,
Russia and Dalmatia. In cooler latitudes it would appear to seek the lower
lands, — in England being found more particularly on the southern coasts ; and on
the sandy sea-shores in Wales. The Madeiran specimens differ from their more
northern representatives in having their wings either very rudimentary or else
entirely obsolete.

Genus 12. ANCHOMENUS.

Bonelli, Ohservat. Enf. i. tah. sipi. (1809) .

Corpus mediocre vel uiinusculum, elongato-ovatum : prothorace vel (iit in typieis) angustato sub-
cordato angulis posticis subrectis, vel (ut in aberrantibus) latiore subtransverso angulis posticis
rotundatis : alls modo (ut in spccicbus nostris) amplis, modo obsoletis. Antennce filiformes,
capite protlioraccque paulo lougiorcs, articulo primo sequentibus robustiore, secundo brevi, tertio
primo longitudine sequali. Labrum quadratum, antice \i\ cmarginatum et setis paucis lon-
gissimis instructum. Mandibulce incurvBe acutffi, intus basi denticulatse. Maxilla biloba; : lobo
externa palpifornii biarticulato : intcrno acuto incurvo, apice uncinato, intus valde eiliato. Palpi
filifornics : maxillareti articulo ultimo subf'usiformi-truncato : lahudes articulo ultimo vel (ut in
typieis) subacuminato, vel (ut in aberrantibus) subfusiformi-truncato. Mentum transversum,
antice profunde cmarginatum et dente medio acuto integro instructum. Ligula cornea, apice
truncata pilisque duobus longissimis aucta; paraglossis membranaceis, ei subsequalibus. Pedes
graciusculi : tarsis anticis in maribus articulis primo, secundo et tertio dilatatis : unc/uiculis
simplicibus.

Lilvc so many of the allied genera, Anclwmemis does not in its oral organs
present any very decided modifications peculiarly its ovm, — its principal character
consisting in the shape of the central tooth of the cmargination of its mentum,
which, instead of being bihd, is acute and entu-e. In external aspect the species
ha^'c a tendency to arrange themselves under two tyjies of form, which however,
since they merge imperceptibly into each other, cannot be considered as of more
than sectional importance. In the first of these, which are usually looked upon
as the normal members of the group, the prothorax is comparatively narrow and
subcordate, and with the hinder angles well defined and more or less approaching
to right angles ; the labial palj)i moreover arc slightly acuminated at theii- apex :
whilst in the second the prothorax is broader and more transverse, the posterior
angles are consideral)ly rounded, and the terminal joint of the labial palpi is, like
tliat of the maxillary ones of both divisions, subfusiform-truncate. Tliis latter
group has been ordinarily knoAvn under the generic name of Agonnm, but its
distinctions are so gradually lost sight of in those of the foi'mer that it cannot
possibly be retained as separate, although in coimtries where the intermediate

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 33

links do not exist, it may be convenient to regard it as at any rate a section of
Anchomenus proper. In the only two Madeiran specimens which I have hitherto
been able to detect, it so happens that we have a typical representative of each of
these divisions ; and hence the above remarks seem almost necessary, in order to
account for the juxtaposition of insects apparently so dissimilar under a common
genus. The Anchomenl occm- beneath stones in damp localities, and are especially
partial to the margins of streams and swampy imdi-aiiied spots.

§ I. Protliorax angustatus subcordatus, angulis posticis subrecfis : palpi labiales a.vticuh ultimo sub-

acuminato.

23. Anchomenus palUpes.

A. nigro-piceus, prothorace postice punctato, elytris striatis, antennis pedibusque pallidis.

Var. /3. piceus, elytrorum margine, antennis pedibusque pallidis.

Long. Corp. lin. 3^.

Carabus obhngus, Fab. i:nt. Si/sf. i. 140. 72 (sed vid. 71) (1792).

pallipes. Fab. Syst. Eleu. i. 187 (1801).

albipes, Illig. Mag.fdr Iiisekt. i. .54 (1801).

Ancliomenus albipes, Sturm, Deutsch. Fna, v. 175 (1824).

palUpes, Dej. Spec, des Col. iii. 119 (1828).

, Heer, Fna Col. Helv. 58 (1841).

Habitat per litora fluviorum atque in locis humidis Maderse, sub lapidibus, toto anno vadgaris.

A. pitcby-black, slightly shining. Head and prothorax much narrower than the elytra ; the latter a
little convex, subcordate, with an obscure dorsal channel, and coar.sely punctured behind. Elytra
striated, the strise being impunctate. Antenna, palpi and legs pale testaceous.
Var. /3. less deeply black, with the margins of the elytra, and occasionally also the suture, pale fer-
ruginous.

Rather a common insect, beneath stones, at the edges of most of the small
moimtaiu streams of Madeira, though more particularly abundant between the
limits of from 2000 to 4000 feet above the sea. I have not myself observed it ia
the other islands of the group, but I possess an old and pale-colom-ed specimen
from the collection of the late Dr. Heiaecken, and labelled as a " Stomis," which
appears to have been taken in Porto Santo. It is universal throughout Eiu-ope,
and occurs likewise in Als^eria.

"^O^

§ II. ProtJiorax latior, plus minusve transversiis, angulis posticis rotundatis : pa^pi labiales artieulo ultimo
{ut in maxillaribus) subfusiformi-truiicato. (Agonum, Bon.)

24. Anchomenus marginatus.
A. aeneo-viridis depressus, prothorace postice utrinque impresso, elytris subpunctato-striatis, singulo

punctis tribus impresso, margiue tibiisque testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. 4i-4i.

34 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Cardbus marginatus, Linn. Fna Suec. (nee Sifst. Nat.) 222 (1761).

, Fab. Eiit. Syst i. 158 (1792).

Sarpaliis marginatus, GyU. Fna Suec. ii. 154 (1810).
Agonum marginatum, Dej. Spec, des Col. iii. 133 (1828).
, Ei-ich. Klif. der Mark Brand, i. 109 (1837).

Habitat snb lapidibus in liumidis cditioribus Madera;, rarissime ; a meipso ad Lagoam Fanalensem
mense Julio a.d. 1850 inventus.

A. green, with an seneous tinge, and slightly shining. Head and prothorax broader than those of the
last species, but nevertheless narrower than the elytra; the /o/v«e?- very green ; the latter de-
pressed, the sides and hinder angles rounded, with a dorsal channel, and with a deep impunctate
fovea on either side at the base ; the extreme lateral margins sometimes obscurely pale. Elytra
very delicately granulated ; striated, the strife with very minutely impressed points ; with three
large impressions down the disk of each, the anterior one of which is on the third stria, and the
two posterior ones on the second, from the suture ; the margins broadly testaceous. Antenna at
base, and the femora, somewhat piceous. Tibia, except at the extreme apex, testaceous. Tarsi
and apex of antenna usually piccous-black.

Although SO ahundant an insect throughout Europe and in Algeria, the A. mar-
ginatus is ajiparcntly of the greatest rarity in Madeh-a, occurring only at a very
lofty elevation. The upland district of the Fanal (ahout 5000 feet above the sea) is
the only region in wliich I have hitherto observed it, where, during my encamp-
ment in July 1850, I eaptui-ed several specimens from beneath stones in moist
spots, especially at the extreme head of the Ribeiro Fundo and at the bottom of
the round crater-like basin, known as the Lagoa, immediately before the descent
of the movintain-road towards Porto Moniz.

Genus 13. OLISTHOPUS. (Tab. I. fig. 7, 8.)

Dcjean, Spec, des Col. iii. 17G (1828).

Corpus minusculum, plus minusve elongato-ovatum : prothorace subcordato, angulis posticis rotun-
datis : alis (in spcciebus Maderensibus) obsoletis. Antenna filiformes, capite prothoraceque
paulo longiores, articulo primo scquentibus robustiore, secundo brevi, tertio priuio longitudine
sequali. Lahrum (I. Sa) quadi-atum, antice integrum et setis paucis longissimis instructum.
Mandifmla acutrc rcctiuscula;. Maxilla (I. 8 b) bilobse : lubo externa palpiformi biarticulato :
interna acuto incurvo, apice uncinato, intus valde ciliato. Palpi articulo ultimo fusiformi-acumi-
nato. Mentum (I. 8 c) transversum, antice profunde emarginatum et dente medio uuUo instruc-
tum. lAgula cornea, apice truncata pilisque duobus longis aucta ; para^/ossis membranaceis, earn
paulo superantibus. Pedes graciusculi : tarsis anticis in maribus (I. 8 d) articuhs primo, secundo
et tertio Icviter dilatatis : unguiculis simplicibus.

The Olisthopl in outward aspect approach some of the aberrant members of the
last genus ; nevertheless they recede from the Anchomenl altogether in having no
central tooth to the cmargination of tlieu- mentmn. The species, which are few in
number, arc usually extremely shining and of a broA\'nish-brassy tinge. They

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 35

would seem to play a rather important part amongst the Carahidce of these islands,
the whole three species being, apparently, not only peculiar to Madeira, hut two
out of them being so excessively abundant A\dthin their restricted limits, as, in all
probability, to answer some especial purpose in the insect economy of those remote
regions. They reside beneath stones and the bark of trees, principally at a lofty
elevation, making their appearance in the autumn and lasting until the end of the
following spring.

35. OUsthopus Maderensis, WoU. (Tab. I. fig. 7.)

O. ovatus subconvexiis uigro- vel aeneo-fuscus, prothorace rotundato, elytris striatis, singulo punctis

tribus impresso, interstitiis obsoletissime granulatis, margine et sutura plus minusve nifo-flaves-

centibus, antennis pedibusque pallido-testaceis.
Var. (3. major rufo-fuscus opacus, prothoracis lateribus, elytrorumqiie margine et suturS, late flaves-

centibus, singulo punctis tribus obsoletissime impresso, interstitiis distincte granidatis. (Ins.

Deserta Grandis.)
Long. Corp. lin. 3-3g^.

Habitat sub lapidibus in montibus Maderse, a 2000' s. m. usque ad cacumina ascendens, tempore
hiberno et vernali, copiosissimus : var. /3. sola in Deserta Grandi, et tantum illic, nisi fallor,
occurrit, qua mense Januario a.d. 1849 plurima specimina in summa insula detexi.

O. ovate, very shining, a little convex, usually dark brassy-brown, or else brassy-black. Head and
prothorax darker than the rest of the surface ; the former elongated ; the latter rather large, wide
in front, and much rounded posteriorly, rugosely punctured at the sides and behind, and with a
channel Aovra. the disk ; the extreme margin very obscurely paler. Elytra finely striated, the
interstices, under a high magnifying power, being most minutely granuled ; with three more or
less distinct impressions down the disk of each near to the third stria from the suture ; the margins,
especially about the shoulders, distinctly, and the sutui'c more or less obscurely fuscescent. Legs,
antenna and palpi pale testaceous.
Var. /3. larger and opake ; reddish-brown, the margins of the prothorax and elytra, and the suture
of the latter, broadly and distinctly pale : the prothorax scarcely at all punctured behind : the
interstices of the elijtra very distinctly granuled, and tlie three impressed points on the third stria
of each from the suture almost obsolete. (The state peculiar to the Deserta Grande.)

I had for a long time considered the present Olisthopns to be identical with the
O. glahratus, of Brull^, from the Canary Islands, of which indeed I still think it
not impossible that it may turn out eventually to be a local state. Nevertheless,
not having been able to procure specimens for comparison, and since the present
species by no means answers to the short and unsatisfactory description given by
Brulle in the Sistoire Ncdurelle cles lies Canaries of Webb and Berthelot, I am
induced to retain it as separate, until at any rate fiu-ther e\ddence shall decide the
point. In the absence in fact of actual examples to judge from, it is impossible
to reconcile the Madeiran insect with the diagnosis, as there enimciated, of the

f2

36 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Canarian one. Thus, for instance, no mention is made whatsoever of the pale
suture, which (though occasionally ohscure) is never absent from the O. 3Iaderensls :
nor can I at all recognise the greatly produced humeral angles of the elytra, and
the fiexuose hinder margin of the prothorax, wliich in that description constitute
two of the most important features. The elytral strise, likewise, are said to be
deep, and the interstices convex, neither of Avhich is the case in those of our
present insect, — which woiild appear moreover to be larger than the one there
detailed. Hence, I conclude, either that the two are in reality distinct, or else
(assimiing M. BriUle's diagnosis to be a generally correct one) that the Canarian
form is a very decided variety as compared with the !Madeiran one. Be this how-
ever as it may, the Avant of any certain information on the subject renders it not
only desu'able, but even necessary not to amalgamate them. The O. Madei'ensis
may be at once known from the O. ErlccB by its larger, broader, more ovate, and
convexer body, by its darker colour, wider and more posteriorly-rounded pro-
thorax, and by the three impressed points on the disk of each of its elytra being
smaller and less evident than those of that species. It is usually also more glossy,
and its pale elytral margins are sometimes only ajiparent at the shoulders, since
the lighter colour has always a tendency to vanish posteriorly. In their liabits
the two species are altogether dissunilar, the first occurring, almost exclusively,
under stones in open grassy spots, Avhilst the second harbours beneath the bark
and fibre of trees -within the sylvan regions. The O. Maderensis, moreover,
inhabits a wider extent of country, not only making its appearance at a lower
elevation than the O. EriccB, but ranging to a higher one. The former indeed
may be said to commence at 2500 feet above the sea, and to continue to the
summits of the loftiest peaks ; whereas the latter is not found in any profusion
below 4000, and, after passing through its maximum at an even higher level, it
almost ceases at an altitude of about 5000 feet. Ovu* present Olisthopus seems to
be more particularly abundant from the end of the summer to the following spring,
existing in large numbers on most of the grassy mountain slopes and exposed
upland districts of the interior of the island, in company with the numerous other
insects which delight in such localities. The var. ft, from the Dezerta Grande, is
particularly interesting, as not only supplying another example of the results of
isolation on external form, but as showing, in addition, the singular tendency
which most of the insects cxhiljit on that rock to attain a somewhat larger than
the average size. So great indeed is the change which the O. JIadereiisis has
undergone, through a long scries of ages, on the Dezerta Grande, that had tlie
case been a solitary one, I should not have hesitated in regarding the specimens
obtained from thence as specifically distinct ; nevertheless, with the knowledge
both of the modifying eff'ects of isolation, and also of the kind of modification
essentially ])oculiar to that island, I am perfectly satisfied that it is a mere local
state, although a very remarkable one, and has no claim whatsoever to be other-
wise considered.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 37

26. Olisthopus Ericse, TT'oU (Tab. I. fig. 8.)

O. elongato-ovatus depressus fusco-aeneus, prothorace elongato-rotundato, elytris striatis, singiilo
piinctis tribus magnis profunde impresso, interstitiis distincte granulatis, margine et sutura plus
minusve flavescentibus, antennis pedibusque pallido-testaceis.

Long. Corp. lin. 2i-2|^.

Habitat per partem Maderse sylvaticam, prsecipue sub cortice Erica scoparia, L., et E. arborea, L.,
inter 4000' et 5000' s.m. crescentiunij sestate non infrequens : in regione Fanalensi necnon ad
Cruzinhas abundat, qua mense Julio a.d. 1850 copiosissime deprehensi.

O. narrower than the last, elongate-ovate, sliining, depressed, and pale brassy-brown, — occasionally
almost Ecneo-testaceous, and sometimes with a slight metallic splendour of blue or green. Head
and prothorax darker than the rest of the surface ; the former shorter than that of the 0. Made-
rensis; the latter narrow, and attenuated posteriorly, nevertheless with the hinder angles not
completely rounded oiF; very rugo^ely punctured at the sides and behind, and with a deep
channel down the disk ; the sides sometimes a little pale. Elytra faintly striated, the interstices
distinctly granuled ; with three very large and distinct impressions down the disk of each near to
the third stria from the sutm-e ; the margins and suture more or less distinctly and broadly pale,
the lighter colour being occasionally so much diffused as to leave an elongated \'itta on the disk
alone slightly darker. Legs, antenna and palpi very pale testaceous.

The smaller size, and narrower and flatter body of the present species, added to
its paler and more metallic surface, more quadrate prothorax, and the larger and
deeper punctures down the disk of each of its el}"tra, will be sufficient to separate
it at first sight from the last. Its interstices, moreover, are more evidently
granuled than those of the O. Maderensis, its prothorax, at the sides and behind,
is more roughly punctured, and its antennae are distinctly shorter. It is also by
far the rarer insect of the two, or at any rate more local, its range, as already
stated, being both smaller and confined to portions of the island less easy of
access. It does not appear to be ever very abimdant either below the altitude of
4000, or above 5000, feet, although dm-ing the winter-time I have taken occa-
sional specimens so low do^ii in the Boa Ventura as about the midway point
between the coast and the Bocca das Torrinhas, which is scarcely elevated perhaps
more than 2500 feet above the sea. It is evident however that it attains its
maximum in a much loftier region, since on many of the extensive Serras between
the Limits of 4000 and 5000 feet it exists in actual profusion. Diu-ing my encamp-
ment at the Cruzinhas, in July 1850, I had an opportunity of witnessing this, on
a large scale, in the dense forest uplands known as the Serra de Seisal. That
district is principally clothed with the gigantic Tree Heaths {Erica scoparia, Linn.,
and JE. arhorea, Linn.) ; and beneath the fil^rous outer envelope of these the O. Ericce
literally swarmed. Nor indeed did it preponderate in any one particular spot,
but extended over the whole of those sylvan tracts. It is a remarkably active
insect ; and the only successful way in which I could seciu^e them was, by placing
a large net beneath the trunks and branches of the trees (an operation which their
singularly distorted and flexuose forms rendered extremely easy), and peeling off

38 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

promiscuously the clry, loosely-attached, external fibre, when the OUsthopi would
fall out hj hundi-eds from beneath it. They were generally accompanied by the
pupa and imago of a minute Blatta, which, if possible, was even the more agUe of
the two. They were seldom to be obtaiaed by any other means, although aberrant
specimens might here and there be seen, beneath stones, or the chippings of
timber, — the too frequent indications of the woodman's axe in those remote
regions.

27. OUsthopus elongatus, WoU.

O. parallelo-ovatus depressus fusco-seueus, prothorace subquadi-ato-rotundato, elytris striatis, singulo

punctis tribus impresso, margine obscure siibflavescenti, antennis pedibusquc pallido-testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. 2|.

Habitat sub lapidibus in pinetis Madera, necnon in collibus apricis maritimis, bine inde autumno non
infrequens.

O. elongate-ovate aud considerably parallel, a little shining, depressed, and brassy-brown. Head
and /jroMorr/a' rather darker than the elytra; the. former somewhat short; the latter subquadrate,
and with the hinder angles a little rounded, rugosely punctured at the sides and behind, and
with a channel down the disk. Elytra distinctly striated, with three rather large impressions
down the disk of each near to the third stria from the suture ; the margins, especially at the
shoulders, obscurely fuscescent. Let/s, antenna and paljii pale testaceous.

Apart from minor characteristics sufiiciently apparent, the O. elongatus may be
known from its Madeu'an allies by its narrower aud more parallel outline, and by
its subquadrate, concolorous prothorax. It would seem to be the representative
in these islands of the European O. fuscatus, although at the same time pre-
senting too many distinctive peculiarities of its own to allow of its being identified
with that insect. Thus, it recedes from it in its much smaller size, narrower and
more parallel form, in its pale teneous surface, in its more quacbate and rather
shorter prothorax, and in its less deeply striated elytra. Nevertheless it has
clearly a greater affinity with the ordinary OUsthopi of more northern latitudes
than either of the other species. It is, apparently, not very common, and con-
fined to lower altitudes than the O. Ericce and the O. 3Iaderensis, occurring,
beneath stones, either on the grassy slopes in the viciaity of the coast, or else in
the pine-woods of intermediate elevations. I have obser^'cd it fi-equcntly, dm-ing
the autumnal months, on the exposed sunny cliffs towards the Brazen Head, and
in the fii*-plantations below the Palheiro,— a position in which it has been likewise
captm*ed, subsequently, by M. Rousset.

Genus 14. ARGUTOR.

(Megerie) Steph. W. Brit. Ent. i. 102 (1S28).

Coifus mediocre, plus minusve oblongo-quadratvim, dcpressum : prothorace quadi-ato, postice (in
nostris saltern) lato : alts modo amplis, mode (ut in speciebus Maderensibus) obsolctis. Antenna

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 39

filiformes, capite protlioraceque paulo longiores, articulo primo sequentibus robustiore, secundo
brevi. Labrum traasverso-quadratum, antice vix emarginatum et setis paucis longissimis in-
structum, angulis anticis rotundatis ciliatis. Mandibulce incurvje acute, intus basi denticulatse.
Maxilla bilobse : lobo externo palpiformi biarticulato : inteimo acuto incurvo, apice uncinato,
intus valde ciliato. Palpi filiformes, articulo ultimo fusiformi-truucato. Mentum transversum,
antice profunde emarginatum et dente medio brevi bifido instructum. Ligula cornea, apice
truncata pilisque duobus longis aucta ; paraglossia membranaceis liberis, earn paulo superantibus.
Pedes robusti : tibiis masculis * (in speciebus Maderensibus) modo intermediis, modo posteri-
oribus plus miuusve cui-vato-dilatatis et intus ante apicem interdum ampliato-distortis : tarsis
anticis in maribus articulis primo, secundo et tertio dilatatis, cordatis et subtus biseriato-setosis :
unguiculis simplicibus.

Both Argutor and Omaseus, although formerly located far apart, are now
universally allowed to be but sections of the great genus Pterostichus ; and
perhaps rightly so, since it must be admitted that theu- distinctive characters are
(like those iadeed of all the subdivisions of the latter, as now received,) so small,
and, being merely external ones, merge into each other by such slow and imper-
ceptible degrees, that it is impossible, except under a very lax system and some-
what unaginary laws, to regard any of them as of generic importance. Neverthe-
less, since it is equally true that the several subsidiary modifications into which
the Tterostichi have a tendency to distribute themselves are well enough defined
in their normal states to be made use of with much convenience, for more than
subsidiary purposes, in countries where the intermediate connecting links do not
exist, and since the few representatives of the entu-e group which I have hitherto
detected in the Madeka Islands belong essentially to Argutor and Omaseus as
formerly enunciated, I have preferred in the present instance keeping them sepa-
rate, — deeming this brief remark as sufficient to point out how far they have any
real claims for isolation when a wider system of arrangement, so as to embrace
the whole of then- allies kno^vn to science, is entered upon. The Madeiran species
of Argutor differ very materially from those of boreal and temperate climates, as
radiating from a larger and apterous type which appears to attain its maximum
in Mediterranean countries, though especially perhaps in the north of Africa, on
the elevated Serras of Spain and Portugal, and m the Pyi-enees. To this section
belong the A. Abaxoides, Amaroicles, Barbara, Hispanica, and other such-Hke
forms, which would abnost seem, prima facie, to merit the right of removal from

* Species hujus generis quae insulas Maderenses colunt secundum tibiarura maris structuram hoc modo
apte dissolvi possimt :

§ I. TiUce intermedin ante apicem intus valde ampUato-distortcB.

1. Tibi» posticae ad apicem dilatatse robustus.

2. Tibiae posticse ad apicem fere simplices dilatieollis.

§ II. TibicB intermedicB aid simplices, aut ante apicem intus dbscurissime ampliato-distortce.

3. Tibiae posticse ad apicem simplices gi-acilipes.

4. Tibiae posticae ad apicem obscure dilatataj cm'tiis.

40 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

the smaller members of the group. After a careful exammation, however, of their
oi-al organs, I can perceive nothing in structiu-e which intlieates the slightest
aljerration from the normal state ; and it is probable therefore that there may be
many specific gradations yet undiscovered in the mountains of central Eiu'ope,
wliich will unite the comparatively gigantic individuals of the south viixh. the
minute ones of northern regions. Some such steps indeed do actually occiu" in
the SavIss Alps, where I have taken, at a high altitude near the head of the
St. Gothard Pass, species (the A. sjiadicens, Dej., for instance, and the ^. alpestris,
Heer) having much the habits and outline of our present type, but inferior as
regards size.

The Ai'gutors of Madeira, although not positively peculiar to the upland por-
tions of the island, are more particularly abundant between the limits of from
2000 to 4000 feet above the sea. On the southern side indeed they seldom make
their appearance below 1500 feet, although in the north, where the climate is con-
siderably colder, I have observed occasional specimens, dui'ing the winter months,
even on the level of the shore. In both instances however they begin to diminish
in numbers above 4000 feet, and at 5000 they have usually ceased. The sylvan
district in fact, properly so called, may be said to be tlieir range ; a definition how-
ever which, while it is actually true as regards altitude, is only partially so as
regards position, — since, in addition to their normal habitat, beneath stones, logs
of wood, and fallen leaves, Avithin the forest regions, they do also occiu* on the
grassy slopes and moist cloudy plains of the ojien covmtry. Up to the present
period I have not remarked a single Argutor in any of the other islands of the
group, from which indeed it is far from imjiossible that the genus may have
partially at any rate, if not entu-ely, disappeared since the destruction of the ancient*
timber, which is recorded, at least in Porto Santo*, to have been once luxTiriant.

28. Argntor robustus, Woll.
A. robustus nigro-piceus subconvexus, prothorace quadrato, elytris profunde striatis singulo punctis
duobus minutissimis imprcsso, antennis pedibusque rufo-piceis.
Mas, nitidus, elytris parallelis ; tibiis intermediis curvatis ante apicem intus valde ampliato-distortis,

posticis subrectis ad apicem dilatatis.
Fcem. subopacus, elytris ovatis ; tibiis posterioribiis simplicibus.
Long. Corp. liu. 5:^-6j.

Habitat per regioncm Madera; sylvaticam, sub lapidibus truncisque arborum prolapsis, pi-resertirn a
.2000' usque ad 5000' s. m., toto auno frequens.

A. robust, dark piccous, and a little convex. Protlwrax large, quadrate, with a slight dorsal channel,
and with a distinct subpuuctatc fovea on cither side at the base. Elytra deejily striated, the

* Cf. Hktaria Insulana das Wios a Portugal Sugeytas no Oceano occidental. Composita par Antonio
CordvTo da Compagnia do Jcsu : Lisboa, 1717.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 41

striae impunctate, and the interstices convex ; mtli two exceedingly minute impressed points on
the disk of each, the anterior one being near the third stria, and the posterior one near the
second, from the suture. Antenna, palpi and leys rufo-piceous ; the last strong and robust.

Male, shining, and with the elji:ra parallel; the intermediate tibia slightly curved, greatly ddated
at, and suddenly distorted internally a little before, the apex ; and with the hinder ones nearly
straight, likewise (though less powerfully) dilated at theii- apex, but not distorted internally.

Female, rather opake, and with the elytra ovatCj being somewhat expanded posteriorly ; and witli
the/oM?' hinder tibia simple.

This large Argutor may be at once known from the remainder of tlie genus here
described by its robnster form and more quadrate prothorax (which has moreover
the basal fovese perceptibly, although not deeply, ptmctured), and by its four
hinder m.ale tibiae being, all of them, especially the intermediate ones (which are,
likeA\ise, curved and inwardly distorted), suddenly and distinctly dilated at their
apex. The degree of tlilatation and curvatiu'e indeed of their fotu- hinder tiljise,
added to the relative amount, and the peculiarity, of the distortion of the imier
edge of the intermediate pau", is at once sufficient whereljy to distinguish the males
of all the Madeiran species from each other ; but the females, in which these tibial
modifications do not hold good, are, inter se, proportionably less easy of identifica-
tion. The females of the present insect, however, may be easily recognised by
theu" large size, those of the A. gixtcilipes alone even approaching them in statui-e,
with which however they cannot possilily be confounded, theii" thick and less
parallel bodies, added to their more powerful legs, at once preventing such a con-
tingency. The A. robustus is by no means an uncommon species thi'oughout
Madeu-a, occurring beneath stones and dead leaves in most parts of the island,
especially Tvithin the sylvan districts and between the altitudes of al)out 2000 and
5000 feet above the sea.

29. Argutor gracilipes, WoU.

A. parallelo-oblongus angustus gracilis nigro-piceus depressus, prothorace subquach-ato, elytris striatis
singulo punctis duobus minutissimis impresso, antennis pedibusque rufo-piceis, tibiis poste-
rioribus in utroque sexu simplicibus.

Long. Corp. lin. 5-5|-.

Habitat in iisdem locis ac prsecedens sed illo paulo rarior : in Madera boreah usque ad maris litus
descendit, qua per oram maritimam prope Sao Vincente tempore hiberno sub lapidibus observavi.

A. parallel-oblong, slenderer and nan'ower than the last species, dark piceous, depressed ; the males
shining, the females somewhat less so. Prothorax rather short, subquadrate, slightly narrowed, and
with the angles a little produced, in front ; with a dorsal channel, and with a distinct impunctate
fovea on either side at the base. Elytra elongate, parallel, or sometimes just perceptibly
attenuated behind, deeply striated, although not quite so coarsely so as the last species, the stria;
impunctate, and the interstices a little convex ; with two exceedingly miaute impressed points in
the same positions as those on the A. robustus. Antenna, palpi and legs rufo-piceous ; the last
long and slender, and with the four hinder tibire simple in both sexes.

G

42 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

An exceedingly well-defined insect, and one wMch may be readily recognised by
its comparatively slender and more parallel form, and by its foiu' binder tibiae
being simple in botli sexes. In fact, witb the exception, of course, of the dilata-
tion of the anterior tarsi, the sole difference between the males and the females
is that the former are just perceptibly the more shining of the two. In its large
size it recedes from all the Madeu-an Ai'gutors except the A. robiistus, from which
nevertheless its more depressed and narrower body, added to its much slenderer
legs, will, apart from the structm'c of its tibiae, at once remove it. It is not quite
so abu^ndant as that species, although widely distrilmted over the island at inter-
mediate altitudes. On the northern side indeed it descends to a low elevation,
since I have observed it, diu-ing the winter months, at the Passo d'^U'eia near
Sao Viucente beneath stones on the level of the sea-shore. On the southern, how-
ever, I l)elieve it seldom occurs below the elevation of about 1500 feet.

30. Argutor dilaticoUis, Woll.

A. oblongo-ovatus latus nigro-piceus valde depressus, prothorace subquadrato postice lato, elytris
Icviter striatis singulo punctis duobus distinctis impresso, antenais pedibusque rufo-piceis.
Mas, nitidus ; tibiis intermediis longe ante apicem iatus valde ampliato-distortis, posticis subrectis

fere simplicibus.
Fcem. vix minus nitidus ; tibiis posterioribus simplicibus.
Long. Corp. lin. 4^-5.

Habitat sub lapidibus foliisque arborum dejectis per partem Maderse sylvaticam restate non infrequens :
ad Lombo dos Pecegueiros abundat, qua mense Julio a.d. 1850 copiose deprebensi.

A. broad, oblong-ovate, robust, dark piceous, and mucli depressed. Prothorax large, subquadi'ate,
usually very broad bebind and a little narrowed in front ; witb a slight dorsal channel, and with
a somewhat obscure, impunctate fovea on either side at the base. Elytra ovate, broad at the
extreme base and attenuated posteriorly, where moreover there is scarcely any appearance of
trimcation or of excavation ; finely striated, the stria; impunctate, and the interstices much flattened ;
with two very distinctly impressed points in the same positions as those of the last species.
Antenna, palpi and legs rufo-piceous ; the last robust.

Male, shining; the intermediate tibice considerably curved, a good deal dilated at, and suddenly
distorted internally a long way before, the apex ; and with the kinder ones straight and almost
simple.

Female, scarcely less shining ; and with the four kinder tibia simple.

The present Argutor and the foUo^^•ing one, from then- smaller size and com-
paratively ovate forms, are not likely to be confoimded with either of the pre-
ceding species, and it is consequently only necessary to be able to distinguish them
inter se. The males can of course be at once recognised from the characters
given ill thcii- respective diagnoses, — the iutermeiUate tibia? being much curved in
those of the A. dilaticoUis, and with the ianer edge considerably distorted or
developed at a distance from the apex ; whilst in those of the A. ciirtm the whole

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 43

posterior four are nearly simple. But there is a mucli greater difl&culty in sepa-
rating tlie females, since, from then' similarity of outline, the smaller varieties of
the former and the larger ones of the latter do certainly approach each other at
times very closely, and might almost be supposed, were it not for the great struc-
tui'al peculiarities afforded by the males, to belong to one and the same species.
Still, even in the case of the females, it is only in these intermediate links, Ijeing
the extremes of each, aberrant in the opposite directions, that there is any real
difficulty in separating the two, since tyjiicalhj the prothorax of the A. dilaticolUs
is so much wider behind, in both sexes, than is the case with that of the A. curtns,
and its elytra are so much broader at their extreme base and more attenuated
posteriorly (there being moreover scarcely any tendency to the apical excavation
which is more or less apparent in nearly all the states of the A. curttis), and the
entire insect is so mvich flatter, larger, and more robust (especially in the deve-
lopment of its legs), that in its normxd state even the female characters are easUy
grasped. But, as touching the externally approxunating varieties of each above
mentioned, I must confess that, after a careful examination of more than eighty
specimens in my possession, there are but few points on whicli to lay hold in
drawing the liiie of demarcation between them ; and I think perhaps that the
somcAvhat less truncated ehi:ra and more robust legs of the A. dilaticolUs are the
most important facts to be observed, in such sjyecimens, while endeavoiu-ing to
identify them. And we may here just remark, that the near resemblance of the
insects in question, in these intermediate but fortunately not very numerous
female links, does not in any way affect their specific validity, which is already
proved to a demonstration by the invariable structiu'al differences in the tiluoe of
theu' respective males. And, proceeding therefore on the positive conviction that
differences do exist, even though we may not always be able at once to appreciate
them, we are compelled to attach the greatest weight to minute (and, in ordinary
cases, perhaps trivial) characters which may afford the slightest clue towards a
right adjustment of the specimens before vis.

The A. dilaticolUs is, apparently, much rarer than any of the other Madeu'an
representatives of the genus, being found principally beneath stones and logs of wood
in the dense ravines of intermediate altitudes, especially towards the north of the
island. During my encampment at the Lombo dos Pecegueiros, in July 1850, I
captured it in comparative abundance throughout the whole of that remote district.

31. ArgTitor curtus, WoU.

A. oblongo-ovatus graciusculus nigro-piceus subdepressus, prothorace subquadrato postice ssepius
latiusculo, elytris leviter striatis singulo pucctis duobus sat distinctis impresso, antenuis pedi-
busque nifo-pieeis.
Mas, nitidus ; tibiis intermediis leviter cun'atis ante apicem intus obscurissime anipliato-distortis,
posticis vix eurvatis ad apicem obscure dilatatis.

g2

14 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Foem. paulo magis depressus, interduni subopacus ; tibiis posterioribus simplicibus.
Var. /3. paulo angustior coiivexiusculus, prothorace subelongato, elytris apice minus truncatis.
Long. coij). lin. 3|-4|.

Habitat in convallibus declivibusque Maderse humidiusculis, praesertim sub lapidibus truncisque arbo-
runi ])rojectis, tempore vernali frequens.

A. oblong-ovate, narrowei' tban the last species, and less robust, piceous, or dai'k piceous, and some-
times with a just perceptible aeneous tinge. Prothorax subquadrate, not quite so broad behind
as that of the last si)ccies, and more narrowed anteriorly ; \\\t\\ a slight dorsal channel, and with
an iuipunctate fovea on either side at the base, — about which however a few exceedingly obscure
and irregular punctures are souiutimes evident. Elytra ovate, in most instances broadest a little
behind the extreme base, and rather more truncated at the apex than those of the A. diluticullis,
where they are usually also (especially in the case of the females) a little excavated ; finely
striated, the striaj impunetate, and the interstices sometimes rather convex (and, although tlatter
in the females than in the males, never so much depressed as those of the A. dilaticol/is) ; with
two distinctly impressed points in the same positions as those of the other species. Antenna-,
palpi and k(/s rufo-piceous ; the las-f slenderer than those of the A. diliiticollis.
Male, shining; with the intermediate tibice slightly curved, a little dilated at, but most obscurely
distorted a little before, the apex ; and with the hinder ones also slightly cm-ved, and a little
dilated, though not distorted, at tlieir apex.
Female, a little more depressed, and sometimes (though not always) slightly opake ; the elytra rather
more distinctly excavated at their a])ex, and with the interstices a little tlatter; with the four
hinder tibia simple.
Var. /3. a little narrower and darker, without any indication of the obscure aeneous tinge which is
just perceptible in most of the other specimens. Prothorax slightly longer. Elytra more oval
and narrow, the widest jiart being about the middle, instead of immediately behind the front
margin ; and less truncated behind. Both sexes equally shining, and their intermediate tibise
less pilose internally.

Notmthstandiny the uiKloubted specific clilTereuce between the present insect
and the last, as proved not only by the very dissimilar structure of theu- male
tibite, but also by the well-defined aspects of their respective normal forms, their
females, as already stated, are apt occasionally to become difficult to sepai'ate,
()\\ing to the near approximation in size and outline of some of their extreme
aberrant specimens. As regards these female varieties, they have been ali*eady
discussed ; and it will l)e sufficient therefore to remark here, that the A. curtns,
tjqiically, may be at once recognised from that species by its smaller size, narrower
and less depressed form, by its usually somewhat apically-truncated or excavated
elytra, and by its slenderer legs. It is \A"idely distributed over the mountain regions
of Madeira, and in the moist dense ra'STJies of a high elevation, although nowhere
very abundant. Towards the upper extremity of the liil)eu'o de Santa Luzia,
diu'in^ the early spring, I have found it more commonly perhaps than in any
other locality, — principally amongst the loose stones and grass at the immediate
base of the lofty perpendicular rocks by which that iiarro\\- gorge is laterally

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 45

enclosed. The var. (5. is somewhat scarcer than the ordinary state, and confined
more exchisively to the higher altitudes.

Genus 15. OMASEUS. (Tab. I. fig. 9.)

(Ziegler) Steph. III. Brit. Ent. i. 112 (1828).

Corpus mediocre, plus minusve elongato-oblongum, ssepius convexiusculum : prothorace subcordato : alls
modo (ut in speciebus Maderensibus) amplis, modo obsolctis. Anlennie filiformes, capitis pro-
thoracisque longitudine, articulis primo et tertio reliquis longioribus subsequalibvis (illo robus-
tiorc), secundo brevi. Lahrum trausverso-quadi-atum, antice vix emarginatum et setis jjaucis
longissimis instructum. Mandibula incui-vge acutse, intus basi denticulatse. Maxilla bilobae :
loho externo palpiformi biarticulato : interno acuto incurvo, apice miclnato, intus valde ciliato.
Palpi filiformes, articulo ultimo truncato, in maxillaribus breviusculo, in lahialibus elongato.
Mentum transversum, autice jirofunde emarginatimi et dente medio brevi bifido instructum.
Ligula cornea, apice truncata ; paruglossis membranaceis liberis, earn paulo superautibus. Pedes
robusti : tarsis anticis in maribus articulis primo, secundo et tertio dilatatis, cordatis et subtus
biseriato-setosis : unguiculis simplicibus.

Although, as above stated, the present genus and the last cannot strictly be
looked upon as distinct, since in their oral organs they differ in no essential respect,
and even externally merge into each other by gradations almost imperceptible ;
yet their normal aspects are so dissimilar, that I have preferred, since none of the
Madeiran species are aberrant, treating them here as separate. And indeed, when
thus viewed, detached from the intermediate connecting links, they are so readily
identified, and possess so few outward points in common, that they would seem in
reality to be altogether isolated groups. The large elongated outline and the deep
black colour of Oniaseus proper contrast sufiiciently with the shorter, comparatively
broader, more quadrate, and depi'essed body, and the piceous hue of Aryiitor, as
represented in these islands, to render the chance of confounding them inter se
utterly impossible.

32. Omaseus nigerrimus.
O. elongatus ater subuitidus convexiusculus, prothorace subquadrato basi utrinque foveolato, elytris

apice rotundatis profunde subpunctato-striatis singulo punctis tribus magnis valde distinctis

impresso, pedibus elongatis robustis.
Long. Corp. liu. 7.

Feronia nifferrima, Dej. Spec, des Col. m. 291 (1828).
Pterostiehus simplieipunctatus, Kollar, in litf.

Habitat sub lapidibus in locis humidis Maderae australis, rarissimus : exemplar unicum, prope Funchal,
egomet tantum deprehcnsi, sed alteram a cl. Dom. Heiuecken M.D. olini captum in mnseo
Loweano vidi ; necnon tertium, ad Eibeiro de Joao Gomez lectum, nuperrime communicavit
Dom. Rousset.

O. elongate, deep black, sligbtly shining, and a little convex. Head large, elongate, irnpuuctate, and

46 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

with two very deep longitudinal impressions between the eyes. Prothorax large, subquadrate,
slightly rounded and narrowed behind, broadly margined, the margin (especially towards the
posterior angles) being much recun^ed j convex in front ; with a longitudinal channel down the
disk, and a deep, wide, punctured, rounded fovea on either side at the base. Elytra nearly
parallel, rounded posteriorly, deeply striated, the strise being scarcely perceptibly punctate ; and
with three large and distinctly impressed points, or fovese, down the disk of each, of which the
anterior one is near to the third stria, and the two hinder ones to the second, from the suture.
Legs long and robust.

The present insect is closely allied to the common O. aterrinms of northern and
central Europe, of which it is not impossible that it may be in reality but a geo-
graphical variety. Still, it is usually retained as a species, and as such therefore it
must stand. It differs from the O. aterrinms in being larger and less sliining, lq
having its prothorax less quackate (the sides and hinder angles being a little more
rounded), by its elytra being more deeply striated, Init ^^•ith the striae less evi-
dently punctate, and by the three fovese down the disk of each being much smaller.
It has been foimd in Spain, on the Pyrenees, and in. Tangier ; but in Madeira it is
extremely rare. I have myself taken, hitherto, but a single specimen, — from be-
neath a stone in a boggy piece of ground in the Rev. R. T. Lowe's garden at the
Levada. I possess however one more example, lately communicated by ^M. Rousset
from the Ribeiro de Joao Gomez, near Fimchal ; and I have seen a third, in the
collection of the Rev. R. T. Lowe, which was captured many years ago by the late
Dr. Heinecken.

33. Omaseus Wollastoni. (Tab. I. fig. 9.)

O. elongatus ater nitidissimus depressus, prothorace subeordato basi utrinque bifoveolato, elj-tris apice

aeuminatis profunde punctato-striatis singulo punctis nullis impresso, pedibus brevioribus

gracilioribus.
Long. Corp. lin. 6a.

Pterostichus WoUastoni, Hcer, i)i litt.

Habitat sub lapidibus Maderje australis, in collibus declivibusque niaritimis, rarior : species valde
distincta, et a Entomologo pcritissimo Os''° Heer, Turici, super promontorium Cabo Gerajao
dictum d. 25 Feb. a.d 1851 primo inventa, unde etiam nuperrime communicavit Dom. Rousset.

O. elongate, narrower than the last species, deep black, exceedingly shining, and depressed. Head
small, short and narrow, much constricted behind the eyes, which are very prominent ; punctured,
though sparingly so upon the disk, and with two short and very obscure longitudinal impressions
between the eyes. Prothorax small, subcordatc, much narrowed behind, and rounded at the
sides, with the extreme hinder angles produced into a minute tooth, narrowly margined, the
margin not being recurved ; depressed, punctured behind ; with a longitudinal channel dowTi the
disk, and two distinct, narrow, rugosely-punctured fovese on either side at the base. Elytra
nearly parallel, acuminated behind, deeply striated, the stria: being distinctly punctate ; and
without any indications of impressed ])oints, or fovese, on their respective disks. Legs slenderer
and shorter than those of the last species : the setae at the extreme apex of the tibue (especially
of the four hinder ones) golden-yellow.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 47

The discovery of this very distinct and beautiful Omaseus is due to my friend
Professor Heer of Zurich, who, during his residence in IMadeii'a in the winter of
1850-51, captiu'ed several specimens from beneatli stones on the Cabo Gerajao, or
Brazen Head; in Avhich locality it has been subsequently taken by M. E-ovisset.
It is one of the few Coleopterous insects which appear to have escaped my obser-
vation during my repeated researches in these islands. It may be at once distin-
guished from the O. nigerrimus by its slenderer, more shining and depressed body,
by its much smaller head and prothorax (the latter of which is more subcordate,
much more narrowly margined ; and has moreover two fovese on either side at its
base, and its extreme hinder angles produced into a minute tooth), by its shorter
and more delicate legs, and by its elytra having no appearance whatsoever of im-
pressed foveas on their disks, and thek striae very distinctly punctm"ed.

Genus 16. AMARA.

Bonelli, Ohservat. Ent. i. (1809).

Corpus minusculum, plus minusve ovale : prothorace saepiiis subquadrato : alls amplis. Antennce
filiformes, capitis prothoracisque longitudine, articulo primo sequentibus robustiore, secundo
brevi. Lahrum quadratum, antice leviter emarginatum et setis paucis longissimis instructum.
Mandibula breves validse, intus basi denticulatse. Maxilla bilobae : lobo externa palpiformi bi-
articulato : interno acuto iucurvo, apice uncinato, intus valde ciliato. Pulpn filiformes, articulo
ultimo fusLformi-subtruncato. Mentuni transversum, antice profuude emarginatum et dente
medio bifido (rarius integro) instructum. Ligula membranacea, apice truncata pilisque duobus
longis aucta ; paraglossis earn baud superantibus. Pedes validiusculi : tarsis aiiticis in maribus
articulis primo, secundo et tertio dilatatis : uiiguiculis simplicibus.

The Amarce, so abundant in our own country and throughout the whole of
Europe, are too famUiar to every eye to requii-e comment. Then* sinning brassy
surfaces and more or less oval forms, seen so constantly darting across oiu- path-
ways, in fields and by the road-sides, in the hot sunshme, are associated with our
earliest recollections, and can have scarcely failed to have attracted the attention of
the most unobservant. In the details of tlieh' mouth they recede but slightly from
the allied genera ; but their external aspect is fortunately so weU defined as to
render us independent of structm*al characters even in our generic definition of
them. I have hitherto detected but two species in the Madeii'a Islands, one of
which however would appear to be peculiar to the group.

34. Amara triviaUs.
A. ovalis fenea, prothorace antice angustato angulis posticis acutis, basi impunctato utrinque foveolato,
elytris striatis, antennarum basi rufo-ferruginea, tiljiis rufo-piceis.
Var. /3. caerulescenti-, vel viridescenti-micans, nitida.
Long. Corp. lin. 3-3i.

48 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Harpalus trivialis, Gyll. (nee Duft.) Ins. Snec. ii. 140 (1810).
Amara trivialis, Dej. Spec, des Col. iii. 4G4 (1828).

, Erich. Kqf. der Mark Brand, i. 87 (1837).

, Heer, Fna Col. Heh. 94 (1841).

Habitat ad vias vel sub lapidibus Maderse Portusque Sancti, usque ad 4000* s. m., hinc indc non
infrequens.

A. somewhat parallel-oval, slightly depressed, very shining, and seneous. Head rather narrow. Pro-
thorax narrowed in front, with the posterior angles acute and somewhat produced, concolorous ;
obscurely channelled down the centre ; impunctate, mth a narrow distinct fovea, or impressed
line, on either side at the base, and sometimes a very obscure smaller one towards the hinder
angles. Elytra finely striated, the striae being most minutely and almost imperceptibly punc-
tured. Antenna vdth the first' three joints and the base of the fourth bright rufo-ferruginous.
Tihia dull rufo-piceous. Femora, tarsi and apex of antenna nearly black.
rVw. /3. with the upper surface adorned with more or less of a dark bluish, or gi'cenish metallic
splendour.

The size, form, colour and sculptiu'e at once clistinguish tliis common Eiu-opean
Amara from the following one. It is a species of very Avide geographical range,
occurring in all parts of Europe, and in Algeria ; and it has been likewise recorded
from Si1)cria and North America. It is hj no means an al)undant insect in
Madeira, although distributed sparingly over the island fi'om the gardens of
Funchal up to the mountain slopes of the Great Curral. At the Ribeu'o Frio I
have found it, during the winter and spring, in comjiarative profusion, — especially
crawling across the road diu'ing the gleams of sunshine, after rain. In Porto
Santo I have likewise captured it, though somewhat rarely.

35. Amara superaus, Woll.

A. oljlongo-ovalis lata picea, prothorace antice latiusculo angulis posticis subobtusis, basi punctate

utrinque bifoveolato, elytris striatis, antennis pedibusque rufo-ferrugineis.
Long. Corp. lin. 4.

Habitat sub lapidibus in montibus superioribus Maderae, ultra 5000' s. m., tempore hiberno et vernali,
rarissime : Amara valde indigena, ct propc summum montem Pico dos Arieros dictum mensibus
Januario ct Februario a.d. 1819 a mcipso detecta.

A. oblong-ovate, broad, slightly depressed, shining, and piceous. Head rather wide. Prothorax
somewhat broader in front than behind, with the ])osterior angles slightly obtuse, and the
extreme lateral margin a little rufesccut ; obscurely channelled down the centre ; coarsely and
deejily punctured behind, and with two distinct fovea; on either side at the base, the inner ones of
which are the largest. Ehjtra faintly striated, the striae being impunctate. Legs and antenna
uniformly pale rufo-ferruginous.

A large and truly indigenous Amara, and apparently extremely rare, the only
spot in which I have hitherto observed it being the exposed alpine ridge, over-

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 49

looking the Meyo Metada, between the Ice House Peak and the Pico dos Arieros,
at an elevation of between 5000 and 6000 feet above the sea, where, dm-ing January
and Pebruary of 1849, I detected sevei-al specimens, in company with Trechus
alticolus, beneath stones. It would seem to be the representative in these islands
of the European A. patricia, which I have captuxed in situations precisely similar
on the Swiss Alps. It presents however abundant distinctive characters to
separate it from that insect,^as, for iastance, its more parallel and flattened form,
the impunctate and comparatively lightly impressed striae of its elytra, and the
less acute posterior, and more produced anterior angles of its prothorax ; added to
which, its uniformly pale piceous hue would tend even further to separate it.
Prom its size and general outline it might at first sight be almost mistaken for a
Sarpalus ; nevertheless its male tarsi being dilated in the anterior pau' alone is of
course at once sufiicient, apart from less e\ddent diiferences, to remove it from the
whole of that extensive group.

(Div. 3. HARPALIDEA.)
Genus 17. ANISODACTYLUS.

Dejean, Spec, des Col. iv. 132 (1829).

Cor])us mediocre, oblongum : prothorace subquadrato : alis amplis. Antenna filiformes, capitis pro-
thoracisque longitudine, articulo primo sequeutibus robustiore, secundo brevi. Labium quadra-
turn, antice leviter emarginatum et setis paucis longissimis instructum. Mandibula breves, dente
medio iuterno obtuso armatse, basi denticulatse. Maxillce biloba; : lobo externo palpiformi biarti-
culato: interna acuto incurvo, apice iincinato, intus valde ciliato. Palpi filiformes, articulo
ultimo fusiformi-subtruncato. Mentum transversum, antice profunde emarginatum et dente
medio nullo instructum. Ligula apice trancata; paraglossis coriaceis acuminatis. Pedes validi :
tarsis anterioribus in maribus articulis quatuor subtus dense spongiosis, secundo, tertio et quarto
valde dilatatis, primo minore : unguiculis simplicibus.

Anisodactyhis differs from Barpalm in having the first joint of the fom- anterior
tarsi of its males small and narrow, whilst the following three are greatly dilated :
then* under surface moreover is destitute of the double row of seta? usually apparent
in the present division and in the Fterostichidea, beuig densely spongiose instead,

in which respect it assimilates the typical members of the Chlaniidea. Its

mentum, likewise, has no tooth in the centre of its emargiaation, a structure of
extremely rare occ\irrence amongst the Harpali, in which the tooth, although
obtuse and short, is nearly always distinct.

36. Anisodactylus binotatus.
A. ater, antennarum basi et palporum tarsorumque apice rufo-ferrugineis, elytris profunde striatis.
Long. corp. lin. 5-5 i.

n

50 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Caralus binotatus, Fab. Enf. Si/st. i. 151 (1792).
Harpalus hinotatus, Gryll. Ins. Suec. ii. 122 (1810).
Anisodactylus hinotatus, Dej. Spec, des Col. iv. 140 (1829).
, Heer, Fna Col Helv. 100 (1841).

Habitat sub lapidibus per litora rivTiloram atque in locis humidis Maderse, infra 3000' s. ni., toto anno
vulgaris.

A. elongate, deep black ; the males slightly shining, the females a little opake. Head with two
irregular longitudinal impressions between the eyes, and sometimes with a very obscure rufous
spot in the centre of its forehead. Prothurax subquadrate, a little narrowed posteriorly, the
hinder angles nearly right angles; with a longitudinal channel down the disk, and a large,
shallow, roughened fovea on either side at the base. Elytra elongate, rather convex, deeply
striated, the stripe being impunctate, and the interstices convex and likewise impunctate. Legs
deep pitchy-black. Antenna at base and extreme ape.x, palpi at apex, and the tarsi also at apex,
rufo-ferruginous.

A most abundant insect throughout Eurojie and the north of Africa ; and
tolerably common in most parts of Madeii'a below the altitude of about 3000 feet
above the sea, where it occurs beneath stones at the edges of the streams. At the
Curral das Romeiras, and in the other raiines above Funchal, I have at times
observed it in considerable profusion.

Genus 18. HARPALUS.

LatreiUe, Gen. Crust, et Ins. i. 201 (180G).

Corpus mediocre, oblongum : prothorace subquadrato, postice plus minusve attenuate : alis ssppius
amplis, sed in specie Maderensi una obsoletis. Antenna tiliiormes, capitis prothoracisque longi-
tudinc, articulo prime scqvientibus robustiore, secundo bren. Labrum subquadi-atum, antice
leviter emarginatum et setis paucis longissimis instructum, angulis anticis rotundatis ciliatis.
Mandilmlu' breves acuta;, dentc medio brevi interno obtuso instructae, basi subdenticulatae.
MaxilUe biloba; : lubo exienio palpiformi biarticulato : interno acuto incurvo, apice uncinate, intus
valde ciliato. Palpi filiformes, articulo ultimo fusiformi-subtruncato. Mentum transversum,
antice profunde emarginatum et dente medio brevi obtuso (rarissime obsoleto) instructum. Ligula
cornea angusta, apice truncata ; pai-aylossis amplis membranaceis rotundatis, earn j)aulo supcran-
tibus. Pedes validi : tarsis anterioribus in maribus articulis quatuor dilatatis, subtus biseriato-
setosis : unguiculis simpUcibus.

The present genus, so AAddely distributed over the world, has apparently Imt foui*
representatives in the Madeu-a Islands, thi-ee of which arc common Em-opean
species, whilst the other, which belongs to an altogether dilferent type of form, is
peculiar to this region. There is but little fear of confoimding the Harpcdi Avith
any other insects witl\ wliich we are here concerned, theii' oblong bodies, and
usually l)lack or obscure surfaces, added to the four powerfully dilated anterior
tarsi of their male sex, beins; of themselves sufficient wherel)v to distim^uish them
from the allied groups.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 51

§ I. Aim ampla ; elytra libera ; mentwm dente medio hrevi obtuso instrtictvm.

37. Harpalus attenuatus.

H. elongato-oblongus niger, prothorace subquadrato basi attenuate, angulis posticis subrectis et
utrinque distincte foveolato, elytris profunde striatis, antennis fusco-ferrugineis, tibiis tarsisque
rufo-piceis.
Var. /3. paulo longior et nitidior. (Ins. Deserta Grandis.)

Long. Corp. lin. 3^—4^.

Harpalus aUeimafus, Steph. III. Brit. Mnt. i. 1.52 (1828).

consentaneus, Dej. Spec, des Col. iv. 302 (1829).

desert us, Steven, in litt.

Sardeus, Dalil, in litt.

Habitat sub lapidibus in montibus Maderae necnon in ins. Desert^ Grandi, sat vulgaris.

H. elongate-oblong, black ; the males shining, the females opake. Head rather wide, with the impres-
sions between the eyes exceedingly obscure. Prothorax subquadrate, and with a deep dorsal
channel ; narrowed towards the base, where it is very rugosely punctured and with a distinct
fovea on either side ; the hinder angles nearly right angles. Elytra elongate-subovate, deeply
striated, the strife being impunctate ; and each with a very minutely impressed point, on the
third interstice, behind. Antenna and palpi dull ferruginous, tibia and tarsi rufo-piceous.
Var. 13. slightly larger, and both sexes a little more shining. (The state peculiar to the Deserta
Grande.)

The present Sarpalus is closely allied to the following one, but differs from it
in its uniformly smaller size, in its somewhat less convex and more elongated pro-
thorax (in which, also, the central channel and basal foveae are more evident, and
the hinder angles better defined), in its more coarsely striated elj^ra, and by its
femora being usually of a deeper black, which causes the tibiae and tarsi to appear
very distinctly rufescent. It is rather a common insect in Madeii-a, occm-ring
beneath stones on the grassy mountain- slopes, especially between the Ihnits of
from 2000 to 3000 feet above the sea. On the Dezerta Grande it is likewise
tolerably abundant, where however the specimens are a little larger and more
elongated, and just perceptibly more shinmg. It is a species of very wide geogra-
phical range, being recorded in England, Erance, Dalmatia, the Caucasus, Sardinia,
Spain, the Canary Islands, and in Algeria; and existing I believe in nearly all
parts of Europe. I possess specimens from the Scilly Islands, captm-ed by the
late E. Holme, Esq., of Corpus Christi College, Oxford.

38. Harpalus htigiosus.

H, elongato-oblongus niger antice subangustatus, prothorace convexo transverso-quadrato basi vix
attenuate, angulis posticis obtusiusculis et utrinque vix foveolato, elytris striatis, antennis fusco-
ferrugineis, femoribus piceis, tibiis tarsisque rufo-piceis.

Long. Corp. lin. 4J-5|.

h2

52 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Harpahts litigiosui, Dej. Spec, des Col. iv. 361 (1829).
, Heer, Fna Col. Helv. Ill (1841).

Habitat Maderam australem, in saxosis planiu.sculis prope sinum Praya Formoza dictum tempore vcr-
uali A.D. 1848 a meipso sub lapidibus iuveutus : in Portu Sancto semel tautum legi.

H. elongate-ovate, black, and somewhat narrowed anteriorly; both sexes almost equally shining.
Head rather wide, with the impressions between the eyes more distinct than those of the last
species. Prothorax subquadrate, rather wide and short, convex in front, and with its extreme
margins often most narrowly and obscurely rufescent ; with an indistinct dorsal channel ; a little
rounded at the sides, and less narrowed towards the base than in the H. abbreriatus, where it is
distinctly punctured and transversely impressed, but with the foveae exceedingly shallow and
obscure ; the hinder angles more obtuse, or at any rate rather more roxmded and less defined
than those of the last species. Elytra elongate-subovate, rather less deeply striated than in the
last species, the strife not being perceptibly punctate ; and each with a very minutely impressed
point, on the third interstice, behind. Antennce and legs nearly the same as those of the H. ab-
breviatus; but the latter rather longer, and with the femora more piceous.

Differs from the preceding species in its larger size, in its rather more anteriorly-
narrowed outline, in its proportionably somc^^hat shorter, convexer, and less
posteriorly attenuated prothorax (on which, moreover, the central channel and
Mnder fovese are exceedingly indistiact), in its more tinely striated elytra, and in
its femora being usually of a less decided black. It Avould seem to be a scarce
insect in Madeu-a, or at any rate extremely local, the only spot in which I have
observed it being the Ioav, rocky, and comparatively flattened ledge immediately
above the Praya Formoza, near Funchal, — where however diu'ing the spring of
1848 I captiu-ed it, from beneath stones, in tolerable abundance. In Porto Santo
I have taken hitherto but a single example. It occurs sparingly thi'oughout
central and southern Europe, and is recorded in Switzerland, Prance and Dalmatia.

39. Harpalus distinguendus.

H. elongato-oblongus niger, supra aut viridis aut viridi-aeneus, prothorace subquadrato basi leviter
attenuato, angulis posticis subrectis et utrinque distincte foveolato, elytris striatis, femoribus
plerumque nigrescentibus, tibiis ad basin ferrugineis, ad apicem tarsisque rufo-piccis.

Long. Corp. lin. 4^5.

Carahus distinguemlus, Duft. Fna Aust. ii. 76 (1812).
Harpalus dUtinguendus, Dej. Spec, des Col. iv. 274 (1829).

, Ei-ich. Kaf. der Mark'. Brand, i. 48 (1837).

, Heer, Fna Col. Helv. 106 (1841).

Habitat ad vias vel sub lapidibus jNIaderie, sat vulgaris : in Portu Sancto praedominat, vineta cam-
posque aridos prope oppidum colcns.

H. elongate-ovate, beneath black, above green, brassy, or brassy-green ; shining, especially the males.
Head moderate, with two impressions between the eyes. Prothorax subquadi-ate, and the extreme

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 53

lateral margins generally obscurely and narrowly rufescent ; a little narrowed towards the base,
where it is coarsely punctured and with a distinct fovea on either side; the hinder angles almost
right angles. Elytra somewhat parallel- ovate, deeply striated, the stripe being sometimes very
obscurely punctate, the interstices impunctate ; a little excavated at the apex, and each with a
very minutely impressed point, on the third interstice, behind. Femora usually dark : tibia at
base ferruginous ; their apex, and the tarsi, more or less rufo-piceous, or piceous. Antennte
fuscous, with the base bright rufo-ferruginous.

The H. distinguendus is very closely allied to the common European S. ceneus,
and, although easily separable from it when in its normal state, yet the frequent
occurrence of connecting- Links between the two would seem to imply that it may
perhaps, in reality, be biit a local variety of that species. Still, it is usually
acknowledged to be distinct, and as such therefore I would retain it, more espe-
cially since the Madeu'an specimens are in their general aspect exceedingly typical
ones. It differs from the K. (enetis in having its elytra only just perceptibly ex-
cavated at their apex, and in theii- submarginal interstices beiag unpunctm-ed and
almost free from pubescence, in its hinder prothoracic angles being less obtuse, in
the prothorax itself being more deeply punctured, and foveolated, towards the
base, and by its femora being for the most part darkly coloured, — whereas in the
JS. ceneus it is the tendency of the legs to be altogether pale. It is a common
insect throughout Madeii-a, occui-ring beneath stones at nearly all elevations ; and
in Porto Santo it is even more abundant still, where I have at times observed it
in the low sandy vineyards behind the sea-beach in the greatest profusion. It is
found in most parts of central and southern Europe, and is recorded by Dejean as
having been brought even from the Brazils.

§ II. Ala nullcB ; elytra interdum subconnata ; mentiim deiite medio nulla instructum.

40. Harpalus vividus.
H. oblongus piceus, vel nigro- vel fusco-piceus, prothorace transverso-subquadrato basi attenuato,
angvdis posticis rectis et utrinque plus minusve leviter foveolato, elytris striatis, singulo ad apicem
suturalem extremum obUque truncato, antennis pedibusque pallidis.

Var. a. angustus convexiusculus plerumque fusco-piceus; mas politus, foemina ssepius subopaca;
prothorace ad basin valde attenuato, chstincte et creberrime punctulato et utrinque sat profunde
foveolato ; elytris liberis subovatis profunde striatis, interstitiis convexiusculis, antennis pedibus-
que pallido-ferrugineis. Long. 4i-5T lin. (Per regionem Maderee sylvaticam varietas prjedo-
minans.)

Var. /3. latior depressus piceus vel ferrugineo-piceus ; mas politissimus, foemina polita ; prothorace
omnino latiore ad basin attenuato, obsolete punctulato et utrinque foveolato; elytris ssepius
connatis truncato-subovatis striatis, interstitiis depressis, antennis pedibusque ferrugineis.
Long. 4f-5i lin. (Status Desertam Grandem et Desertam Borealem colens : necnon per oroiu
maritimam atque in sumniis montibus Madera plus minusve obtinens.)

54 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Var. y. latus dcpressus plerumque nigro-piceus ; mas subopacus, foemina opaca ; prothorace lato ad
basin minus attenuato, impunctato et utrinque vix foveolato ; elytris sfepius comiatis truucato-
subovatis leviter striatis, interstitiis depressis, antennis pedibusque diluto-fermgineis. Long.
4f-55- lin. (Portui Sancto insulisque parvis adjacentihus propria.)
Long. corp. lin. 4|-5J,

Harpalics vividus, Dcj. (nee Fab. 18U1), Spec, des Col. iv. 332 (1829).

Habitat sub lapidibus omnium insularum Maderensium, ab era maritima usque ad cacumina montium
copiosissime ascendens.

H. oblong, of either a dark-, or a more or less brownish-piceous, occasionally (especially when imma-
ture) almost ferruginous, usually depressed ; the males more or less shining, the females gene-
rally, though not always, a little opake. Head rather large, with scarcely any indications of the
usual longitudinal impressions between the eyes. Prothorax more or less subquadrate, and
narrowed posteriorly ; also, in most of the varieties, more or less punctured towards the base,
and with a fovea on either side, — both the punctures and fovepe having a tendency in the several
states to become more and more obsolete ; generally with the extreme lateral margins obscurely
and narrowly rufescent. Elytra more or less ovate, and striated, the striae being impunctate ; a
little excavated behind, and each of them obliquely truncated off at its extreme apex, causing the
two to divaricate very minutely at the extremity of the suture ; and each of them with a most
minutely impressed point, on the third interstice, behind. Legs, antenna and palpi ferruginous.

Var. a. comparatively narrow and rather convex, generally of a brownish-piceous hue ; the males
shining, the females a little opake. Prothorax narrow, and much attenuated behind, closely,
finely, and distinctly punctured towards the base, and with a deep fovea on either side. Elytra
not soldered together, subovate, and a little acuminated behind, deeply striated, and the inter-
stices rather convex. Legs, antenna and jmlpi \'ery pale ferruginous. {Madeira : the typical
state throughout the sylvan districts.)

Var. (3. distinctly broader and more depressed, piceous, and sometimes with more or less of a ferru-
ginous hue ; both sexes shining, the males being very highly polished. Prothorax broader than
in var. a, and not quite so much attenuated behind, most obscurely punctured towards the base,
the punctures being almost evanescent, and the fovea; more obscure. Elytra generally soldered
together, a little broader and shorter, in proportion, than those of the var. a, and more truncated
both before and behind, less deeply striated, and the interstices flattened. Legs, antenna and
palpi fcrniginous. {Northern and Central Dezertas ; and more or less apphcable to the maritime
and alpine specimens of Madeira.)

Var. y. of nearly the same form as the var. (3, but darker, being usually piceous-black, and de-
pressed ; both sexes opake, though especially the female. Prothorax broad and subquadrate,
being less attenuated behind than in cither of the other varieties, impunctate, and the basal foveae
almost obsolete. Elytra generally soldered together, broad and short, much truncated both be-
fore and behind, lightly striated, and the interstices flattened. Legs, antenna and palpi darker
than in the other varieties, being dusky-ferruginous. {Porto Santo, and the small adjacent
islands.)

A truly indigenous species ; and since it is perhaps one of the most variable with
which we have here to do, it may be well selected as an example of the modifying
influence of isolation and local cii'cumstances on external insect form. "Whether

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 55

we consider its peculiarity to the Madeiran group, or the singular type of struc-
ture which it chsplays, it may appropriately be termed the Harpalus of this region :
and, judging from its existence on every rock, large or small, and at aU altitudes,
and from its capability of adapting itself to contingencies of every kind, we are led
to believe that it was probably abundant over a great portion of that ancient con-
tinent of which these islands are amongst the many surviving witnesses. Ranging
from the sea-shore to the extreme summits of the loftiest moimtains, accom-
modating itself at one time to a low barren rock of twenty yards circumference,
tenanted only by Helopidce, Hadri, Lizards and Gulls, at another to the deep
wooded ravines of intermediate altitudes, around which the clouds perpetually
cUng and where vegetation and decay are ever rampant, or harbouring beneath
the rough basaltic blocks of the weather-beaten peaks, 6000 feet above the sea, —
we should naturally expect, a priori, to discover some slight modifications of out-
ward structure according as the respective localities differed in condition. And
such we find to be everywhere the case. I am satisfied moreover that it is only
by a careful observation on the spot that an insect like the present one can be pro-
perly understood ; for to anybody acquainted with it practically in aU its phases it
is hut too evident how many " species," so-caUed, might be established on un-
doubted varieties, where there exists a desu-e for creating them, and where our sole
knowledge is gathered from a few stray specimens collected by another person, and
unaccompanied by local information to render the aberrations intelligible. Tor it
must be tracked from the sea- shore to an elevation of more than 6000 feet before
we are enabled to discern the causes by which its development is controlled, or
even to connect by slow and easy gradations its opposite extremes of form. And
it is an interesting fact that the distance between its variations does not increase
in proportion to the distance between its altitudes. On the contrary, it would
seem to pass through its minimum of size and maximum of sculpture at about the
elevation of from 3000 to 4000 feet ; both above and below which, that is to say,
as it recedes from the upper and lower limits of the sylvan districts, it becomes
gradually modified, and almost in a similar manner. Thus, to a person who had
visited Madeira and had picked up specimens on the coast, and to another who had
perchance penetrated into the interior, as passing visitors from the vessels are
accustomed to do, and had brought away examples from the wooded movmtain-
slopes, the two insects would appear altogether distinct. Eor, commencing on the
level of the beach, the usual type is broad, flat, more or less opake, with the pro-
thorax almost impunctate, and the elytra soldered together. As we ascend higher,
the breadth invariably diminishes, the brightness and depth of sculpture, up to a
certain altitude, seem to increase, and the elytra are seldom or but very imper-
fectly united ; untU, on entering the lower limits of the forest region, at an eleva-
tion perhaps, ore rotundo, of 3000 feet, we find that it has gradually put on a veiy
different aspect (var. a.), being small, narrow, bright, convex, comparatively ovate
and deeply striated, the legs and antennae have become exceedingly pale, tbe pro-

o(5 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

thorax has altered considerably in shape, being much narro-\ved behind and punc-
tured, and the eMra are nearly always free. In this state it continues for about
1500 feet, when again emerging into the broad daylight of the open hills, it
recommences to mould itself as it did below ; until, having reached the summits
of the loftiest peaks, more than COOO feet above the sea, it has almost (though not
entirely) assumed the features which characterized it on the shores beneath. Tliis
is of coiu'se only a general account of the changes which take place during its
upward progress ; yet, although exceptional cases, as to every other rule, "nill now
and then Ijc met with, I beHeve it to be perfectly true on a large scale. That
modifications of a slightly different kind occm- at parallel altitudes in the other
islands of the group is also certain ; but we must not forget that the disappearance
of the dense forest everywhere except in Madeu-a proper may have re-adjusted for
those particular spots the law which there also in all probability once ol:)tained.
^Moreover, whatever the caiises may be which operate in these remote spheres to
affect the insect life wliich has 1)ecome isolated upon them, it is certain, from
observation, that theu* working is not accidental, but depends on the peculiar
circumstances of the respective localities, since species of even opposite natiu'es
are affected in a smiilar manner on the same rocks. Thus we accordingly find, in
tlie present case (as in others which I have ah'eady liad occasion to comment U2)on
under the genera Scarites, Uiiri/r/inft/uis, Calathus and Olisthopus), that the speci-
mens wliich have been detached on the tAvo northern Dezertas have attained a
larger size than those on any other island, that the Madeiran ones are the smallest,
whilst those in Porto Santo are unusually depressed. Although confined to the
sylvan districts and less abundant than any of the remainder, I have nevertheless
assiuned var. a. to be the normal state ; fu"st, because, judging from the description,
I believe it to be the particular form descri])ed by Dejean in 1829, and secondly,
because the ]\Iadeira Islands, as theu* name implies, being by natm-e islands of
wood, it is the variety in all probability which would have formerly predominated
throughout the group, — the other modifications being the result in some measm'e
of the destruction of the timber, and partially therefore, though indii'cetly, refer-
able to the agency of man. I have contented myself, in the above diagnosis, by
indicating three varieties only, since it is impossil)le to define the limits and ranges
of subsidiary modifications, my sole object having been to give a generally correct
idea on a broad scale.

This species, which, in all its phases, is well distinguished from the rest of the
genus inhabiting these islands, presents a type of structure peculiarly its own.
Thus, for instance, it is universally apterous (whereas the others are winged), the
nienlum lias no tooth in the centre of its einargination (a structure of very rare
occm-rence in the trvie HarpaU), and the extreme apices of each of its elytra are
always truncated ol)liquely, causing them to diverge minutely, or divaricate, at
the termination of the suture. But perhaps its most singular character, and in
which it (lilTcrs from every other Ilarpalus with which I am acquainted, consists

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 57

in the tendency of its elytra to become united or soldered together. I say " the
tendency," because it is not always the case that they are joined (which, since the
law exists at all, is perhaps the more remarkable), although in most instances,
especially in localities much exposed and but slightly elevated above the sea-shore,
they are. I have examples, however, from the upper as well as the lower regions,
in which both states are represented; and others again in which the elytra are
only partially connected, being fi-ee at the apex though fii-mly attached towards
the scuteUum. In every instance, however, even where they are united through-
out theii- entire length, a little force will succeed in separating them, showing
their structure, as I have indicated in the diagnosis, to be subconnate rather than
connate. But that it does require force to effect the disjunction, when they are
reaUy in the condition described, is proved to a demonstration to any one who has
seen the remains of the insect beneath the slabs of stone on many of the small
adjacent islands where it most abounds, or drifting about over the surface of the
j^ocks, — under which circumstances I have observed them in immense numbers,
apparently the accumulation of two or three generations, which the violence of the
elements had not been able to sever. It is rare in the sylvan districts to find
them joined, nevertheless such is sometimes the case, — thus proving that the
peculiarity is not actually essential, but merely one which it is the tendency of the
species to assume, and which is more developed in some specimens, and under
certain conditions, than in others.

The Carabus vividm of Pabricius, although in description best according with
the present insect, is proved, from specimens still in existence in the Royal Mu-
seum of Copenhagen, as already stated, to be a Calatlms. The Harpalus now
under consideration was in fact first described by Dejean, in 1829, who appears to
have mistaken it for the Tabrician C. cividus, and to have quoted it as such.

Genus 19. OPHONXJS.

(Ziegler) Stepb. lU. Brit. Ent. i. 159 (1828).

Corjms et instrumenta ciharia fere ut in Harpalo, sed illud subtiliter pubescens et undique punctu-
latiim J necnon pedes plerumqiie paulo graciliores.

There cannot be the slightest doubt but that the Ophoni do not in reality consti-
tute more than a section of Sarpalm, then* minutely pubescent and punctulated
bodies, added to their somewhat longer and less robust legs, being the sole cha-
racters on which their isolation was ever made to rest. And it was therefore well
remarked by Dejean, in his Species general des Colcopteres, that the genus, as
defined by Ziegler, was founded on an inadequate diagnosis and could not, conse-
quently, be upheld. Still, as it is not altogether expunged even by recent ento-
mologists, and since its only Madeiran representative is a peculiarly tjqncal member
of the group as formerly received, I have preferred retaining it in the present

58 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

instance as distinct, deeming it sufficient to have pointed out thus far the real
natvu'c of its generic claims.

41. Ophonus obscurus.
O. oblongus subpubescens punctatus, infra niger, supra subcyanescenSj prothorace transverso-sub-

quadrato lateribus rotundatis, elytris striatis depressis, interstitiis minutissime punctulatis, an-

tennis pedibusque rufo-ferrugineis.
Long. Corp. lin. 5^.

Carabus obscunis, Fab. Unt. Sj/st. i. 151 (1792).
Sarpalus ohscurus, Sturm, Deutsch. Fna, iv. 85 (1818).
Ophonus ohscurm, Stepb. III. Brit. Ent. i. 160 (1828).
Harpahcs obscunis, Dej. Spec, des Col. iv. 197 (1829).

Habitat in locis bumidis Maderse, rarissimus ; sub lapide ad fornacem exoletam calcariam juxta Sanc-
tum Vinccntium " Forno de Cal " dictam a meipso d. 2 Jul. a.d. 1850 semel tantum repertus.

O. obloug, very sligbtly shining, punctured all over, and a little pubescent ; beneath dark pitchy-
black ; above with the head and prothnrax of a very obscure bluish tinge and coarsely punctured ;
the latter rather smoother on the disk, and mth a faint dorsal channel, somewhat transverse-
quadrate, a little narrowed behind, and with the sides and angles slightly rounded. Elytra rather
more distinctly blue than the rest of the siu'face, depressed and striated, the strise being impunc-
tate, and with the interstices thickly and finely punctulated. Legs, antenna ani palpi rufo-
ferruginous.

A tolerably common insect throughout Europe and the north of Afiica. In
Madeira however it would appear to be of the greatest rarity, the only indigenous
specimen which I have seen haiing been captiu'ed by myself from beneath a stone
at the edges of the small stream which issues from out of the limestone rock (so
well knoMTi to geologists from its isolated and elevated position amidst the siir-
rounding basalt) at the Forno de Cal, near Sao Vincente, on the 2nd of July 1850.

Genus 20. STENOLOPHUS.

(Megerle) Steph. III. Brit. Ent. i. 165 (1828).

Corpus parvum, oblongum : prothorace subquadrato : alis amplis. Antenna filiformes, capite pro-
thoraceque paulo longiores, articulo primo sequentibus robustiorc, secuudo brevi. Labrum sub-
quadratum, antice truncatum et setis paucis longissiniis instructum. Mandibula breves acutae,
intus basi subdenticulatje. Maxilla bilobse : lobo externa palpiformi biarticulato : interna acute
incurvo, apice uncinato, intus vakle ciliato. Palpi articulo ultimo penultimo majorc, fusiformi-
subacuiiiinato. Mentum transvcrsum, autice profundc emarginatum et deute medio nullo in-
structum. Ligula cornea, apice truncata j paraglossis membranaceis rotundatis, eam baud supe-
rantibus. Pedes vix robusti : tarsis anterioribus in maribus articulis quatuor dilatatis, subtus
biseriato-setosis : unguiculis simplicibus.

The present genus is somewhat intermediate between the preceding one and
Trechus; nevertheless it may be at once known from the former by the much

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 59

smaller size, and by the more ornamented, prettily painted surfaces of the species
which compose it, by the more acuminated terminal joint of theu' palpi, and by
the central tooth of their mentum being always obsolete, — whilst from the latter
and Bradycellus, to which in general aspect it is far more intimately related, it
differs in the simple emargination of its mentum, in its ligula being straightly
truncated at the apex, and in having the whole /o?/r anterior tarsi, as in Harpalus,
dilated in its male sex. The StenolopU are insects eminently peculiar to damp
localities, residing for the most part amongst wet moss, and beneath stones, at the
edges of ponds and streams, or burrowing into the loose mud at the roots of rushes
and grass in marshy spots, — thus in then- habits (as well as in then- structure)
making an evident step towards the coming genera, which are more and more
subaquatic as we approach the BemUdiades, and, through them, the truly
Hydi'adephagous groups.

§ I. Tarsi antici maris articulo penuUimo profimde emarginato, liloho.

42. Stenolophus Teutonus.

S. oblongus niger, prothorace quaclrato mfo, elytris riifis macula postica communi maxima subcya-

nescenti-nigra ornatis, atitennarum basi pedibusque rufo-testaceis.

Long. Corp. lin. 3-3|-.

Garabus Teutonus, Schrank, Enwm. Ins. Atisir. 214 (1781).

vaporariorum, Fab. (jiec Linn. a.d. 1761) Eiit. Si/st. i. 164 (1792).

, Diift. Fna Austr. ii. 141 (1812).

Stenolophus vaporariorum, Dej. <S^;ec. des Col. iv. 407 (1829).
— , Heer, Fna Col. Seh. 115 (1841).

Habitat sub lapidibus per litora rivulorum atque in locis bumidis Maderse, sat frequens : in convallibus
supra Fuucbal autumno abundat, necnon in Madera boreali, ad Sanctam Annam, mense Maio
observavi.

S. oblong, black, sbining. Prothorax, above and below, bright rufous ; quadrate ; with a faint dorsal
channel ; and with a very obscure impunctate fovea on either side at the base. Elytra rufous
(being usually however a little paler than the prothorax), and with a large hinder patch, common
to both, and covering nearly two-thirds of their entire surface, dark bluish-black ; deeply striated,
the strise being impunctate. Legs, palpi and base of antenruB i-ufo-testaceous.

By no means an unconunon insect both in the north and south of Madeira,
between the limits of from 1000 to about 3000 feet above the sea, occurring be-
neath stones in moist spots and at the edges of the streams. At the Curral das
Romeii'as, and in the other ravines above Funchal, I have taken it in tolerable
abundance during the autumnal months, and in equal profusion, at the end of
May, on the damp ledges of the perpendicular rocks towards the upper extremity
of the Piibeiro de Santa Luzia ; as also, about the middle of May, on the northern
side of the island, at Santa Anna. It is found in nearly all parts of Eui'ope, and
is recorded in Algeria and the Canary Islands.

i2

()() INSECTA MADERENSIA.

§ II. Tarsi antici maris articido peniiltimo leviter emarginato, suhcordato.

43. Stenolophus dorsalis.
S. oblongus niger, prothorace subquadi-ato postice leviter attenuato, testaceo in discum late nigro.

infuscato, elytris testaceis plaga postmedia communi magna plus minusve suffusa subcyanescenti-

nigra ornatis, antennarum basi pedibusque testaceis.
Long, corp.lin. 1|.

Carabus dorsalis, Tab. JEnt. Si/st. i. 165 (1792).
JIarpaJus dorsalis, Gyll. Ins. Siiec. ii. 16-t (1810).
Acupalpus dorsalis, Dej. Spec, des Col. iv. 416 (1829),
Stenolophus dorsalis, Erich. Kaf. der Mark Brand, i. 61 (1837).

Habitat ad ripas fluviorum Maderensium, rarissime, — sub lapidibus ad " Forno de Cal " a meipso Julio
ineunte a.d. 1850 una cum Ophonu obscuro (sed multo copiosior) detectus.

S. oblong, black, shining. Prothorax testaceous, with a large patch on the disk (which is sometimes
so much developed as to leave only the extreme margins paler) brownish-black ; subquadrate, and
a little narrowed behind ; with a faint dorsal channel ; and an obscure subpunctate fovea on
either side at the base. Elytra testaceous, with the region of the scutcllum occasionally, and an
elongated, more or less suffused, postmedial patch, common to both, bluish-black ; striated, the
strife being impunctatc. Leys, palpi and base uf antentue testaceous.

Apparently extremely rare in Madeira, or at any rate local. The only spot in
which I have observed it is the Forno de Cal, near Sao Yinceute, where, on the
2nd of July 1850, I captured several specimens, in company with the hitherto
unique example of Ophonus ohscurus, from imder stones at the edges of the stream
immediately adjoining the famous limestone rock. Like the S. Teutonus, it inhabits
most parts of Europe, and is found likewise in the Canary Islands and in Algeria.

Genus 21. BEADYCELLUS. (Tab. II. fig. 4.)
Erichson, Kdf. der Mark Brand, i. Gl (1837).

Corpus parvum, plus minusve oblongo-ovatum : prothorace subquadrato : alis (in speciebus Maderensi-
bus) obsoletis. Antenna filiformes, capitis prothoracisque longitudine, articulo primo sequentibus
robustiore, secundo brcviusculo. Labrum (II. 4 a) subquadratum, antice truncatum et setis
paucis lougissiiiiis iustructum. Maiidibttla (II. 4 b) breves acutie, intus basi dcnticulatae.
Maxilla (II. 4 c) bilobse : lobo externa palpiforrni biarticulato : interno acuto incurvo, apice un-
cinato, intus valde ciliato. Palpi articulo ultimo penultimo majore, fusiformi-subacuminato.
Mentum (II. 4</) transvcrsum, antice profunde emarginatum ct dente medio acuto intcgro in-
structum. Ligula cornea, apice in typicis sinuata, rarius truncata; paraglossis membranaceis
subacuminatis, earn paulo superantibus. Pedes vix robusti : tarsis anticis in maribus articidis
quatuor dilatatis, subtus biseriato-setosis (primo ssepius subquadi-ato) : unguiculis simplicibus.

Bradycellus agrees with Trechus in haidng the emargination of its mentum
toothed in the centre, and in its male tarsi being only dilated in the front pair of

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 61

legs : nevertheless it recedes from it in having the terminal joint of its palpi large
and fusiform (instead of conical), in its males having four joints of theii- feet dilated
(instead of two), and in its ligula l^eing more or less sinuated at the apex (instead
of rounded), with the paraglossse scarcely extending beyond it, whereas in Trechus
the latter are exceedingly long and linear.

§ I. Ligula apice sinuata, paraglossis earn vix sitperantibus ; tarsi antici maris a/rticulo prvnio subquadrato.

44. Bradycellus fulvus.
B. oblongo-ovatus rufescenti-piceus, prothorace subquadrato postice leviter attenuate, elytris piceis

profunde striatis, antennis pedibusque ferrugineis.
Long. Corp. lin. 2\.

Carabusfulms, Marsh. Ent. JBrit. i. 456 (1802).
Trechus fulm,s, Stepb. Bl. Brit. Ent. i. 169 (1828).
Acupalpus harpalinus, Dej. Spec, des Col. iv. 471 (1829).
•, Heer, F/ia Col. Helv. 118 (1841).

Habitat in convallibus Maderse humidiusculis, necnon sub lapidibus in graminosis editioribus, bine
inde, autumno prsedominans.

B. oblong-ovate, rufo-piceous, shining; when immature almost ferruginous. Prothorax somewhat
short and subquadrato, slightly narrowed and transversely impressed behind, and with the sides
and posterior angles a little rounded; with a faint dorsal channel, and with a deep coarsely-
punctured fovea on either side at the base. Elytra often a shade darker than the prothorax,
deeply striated, the striae being impunctate. Legs, palpi and antenna ferruginous ; the last short
and robust.

The B. fulvus, so abundant throughout Europe, occurs in Madeira only at
intermediate and lofty elevations, ranging from about 1500 to 5000 feet above the
sea, although attaining its maximum, apparently, towards the lower rather than
the upper extremity of those limits. At the Cui-ral das Romeiras, and the other
ravines above Funchal, I have taken it rather commonly during the autumnal
months, both by brushing the rank vegetation in damp spots and from amongst
loose shingle at a short distance from the streams. It is also found sparingly,
beneath stones, on the exposed mountain-slopes of higher altitudes, under which
circumstances I have observed it on the descent to the open plain of the Fateiras
from the Pico Poizo. The Madeiran specimens differ from their more northern
representatives in having the wings invariably obsolete.

§ II. Ligula apice frwncafa, paraglossis earn parum swperantibus ; tarsi antici maris articulo prima via-

■subquadrato.

45, Bradycellus excultus, ww. (Tab. II. fig. 4.)
B. oblongo-ovatus pieeus, prothorace subquadrato postice attenuate, testaceo, in discnm leviter infus-

62 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

cato, elytrorum margine et sutur^ obscure pallidioribus, antennarum basi pedibusque pallido-
testaceis, tarsis plerumque obscurioribus.
Var. fi. piceus, prothoracis limbo elytrorumque siitura solum pallidioribus.
Loug. coi-p. lin. li-lf.

Habitat in locis cditioribus jMaderfe, sub lapidibus, prsesertim per partem sylvaticam, a 2500' s. m.
fere ad cacumina montium ascendens : ad basin rupium excelsarum in Ribeiro de Santa Luzia,
inter radices graminum ibidem crescentium, necnon in regione Fanalensi (5000' s. m.) mense
Julio A.D. 1850, rarius deprehensi.

B. oblong-ovate, piceous, sbining, sometimes with a just perceptibly bluish tinge. Prothorax testa-
ceous, with a more or less dusky cloud on its disk ; a little longer in proportion than that of the
last species, and rather more naiTowed behind, where it is slightly punctured but not transversely
impressed; the posterior angles obtuse; with an obscure dorsal channel, and a narrow fovea on
either side at the base. Elytra less deeply striated than in the B.fulvus, the strise however, as
in that insect, being impunctate ; the suture and lateral margins, especially the former, a little
paler. Antenna fuscous towards the apex ; their base, the palpi, and the legs pale testaceous, —
the tarsi and the extremity of the tibia being usually a little darker.
Var. fi. entirely piceous-black, with the extreme margins of the prothorax and the sutui-e of the
elytra, alone, very obscurely paler. Legs, palpi and antenna as in the normal state.

A most distinct and beautiful Bradycelhis, and apparently of the greatest rarity,
being confined, so far as I have hitherto observed, to remote upland spots more or
less difficult of access. I have taken it, during the winter and early spring,
towards the upper extremity of the Eibeiro de Santa Luzia, especially from amongst
loos(^ stones at the roots of the vegetation at the immediate base of the lofty
periJcncUcular rocks : and in July 1850 I captured it sparingly in the bed of a
dried-up stream in the elevated region of the Fanal, more than 5000 feet above
the sea : and a specimen has been recently communicated to me by M. Rousset,
from the Pico d'Arribentao, above Ftmchal.

Genus 22. TRECHUS. (Tab. II. fig. l, 2, 3.)

Clairvillc, Ent. Reh. ii. 23 (180G).

Corpus parvum, plus minusve ovatum, vel oblongo-ovatum : prothorace subquadi-ato : alts typice amplis,
sed in spcciebus Jladerensibus plurimis obsolctis. Antenna filiformcs, capitc prothoraceque
paulo lougiores, articulo primo scquentibus robustiore, secundo breviusculo. Labruni (II. 1«, 2rt)
transversum, antice plus minusve emarginatum et setis paucis longissimis instructum. Mandi-
bula (II. 1 a) prominula; acut?e, intus basi denticulatpc. Maxilla (II. 1 6, 2 b) bilobre : lubo
externa palpiformi biartieulato : interna acuto incurvo, apice uncinato, intus valde ciliato. Palpi
articulo ultimo penultimo paulo minore, in typicis couico, sed in nostris plerumque subfusiformi-
conico. Mentum (II. 1 c, 2 c) transversum, antice profunde emarginatum et dente medio vel (ut
in spcciebus typicis) integro, vel (ut in aben-antibus) bifido instructum. Ligiila cornea, apice
rotundata, rarius truncata ; paraylassis linearibus, cam louge supcrantibus. Pedes graciusculi :
tarsis aniicis in maribus (II. 1 d) articulis primo et secundo dilatatis atque intus productis : un-
guiculis simplicibus.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 63

In spite of the large number of TrecM described below, there is but one amongst
them of the ordinary European form, the remainder beiag moulded on a type
•which would seem to be peculiarly IMadeiran, and almost in fact to merit separa-
tion from the normal members of the genus. In its usual state Trechus is winged,
has the central tooth of the emargiaation of its mentum entu-e, and the ultimate
joint of its palpi very decidedly conical (being of the same breadth at the base as
the penultimate one is at the apex) ; whereas, with the single exception just men-
tioned, all oiu' present species are apterous, the tooth of then* mentimi is imiver-
sally bifid, and the terminal articulation of then palpi has a tendency to become
rather more fusiform than conical. StUl, since in then- very elongated linear
paraglossae, and in the two internally-produced dilated joints of then male tarsi,
they retain the essential characters of the true TrecM, I would not regard the
above aberrations as indicative of more than a weU-defined subsidiary section,—
especially since the non-development of wings may be ahnost looked upon as a
geographical deficiency amongst the Coleopterous population of these islands, —
and have therefore merely proposed a subgeneric name in case that it should be
found desu-able, at any futiu-e period, to isolate it as a distinct group. The Trechi
are particiLlarly partial to damp spots, nevertheless they are not so subaquatic in
then- habits as the BemhicUa, being found beneath stones, logs of wood, and dead
leaves within the sylvan districts, more than at the edges of streams and on wet
mud,— the localities eminently selected by the latter. In Madeii-a they are nearly
exclusively confined to the dense ravines of intermediate and lofty altitudes.

§ I. Alatus : mentum deiite medio iiitegro instructum : paJpi articulo ultimo conico.

46. Trechus fimicola^ Wall
T. oblongo-ovatus depressus cliluto-testaceus, capite nigra, piothorace subcordato basi utrinque vix

impresso angulis posticis subrotundatis, elytris substriatis, antennis pedibusque testaceis.
Long. corp. lin. I5-I7.

Habitat Maderam borealem, stercore bovino arido in castanetis Sanctae Annte Junio exeunte a.d. 1850
a meipso sat copiose repertus.

T. oblong-ovate, flattened, shining, and brownish- or lurid-testaceous. Head black. Prothorax
somewhat cordate, or subquadrate and nan-owed behind ; the posterior angles a little rounded ;
with a faint dorsal channel ; and a scarcely perceptible impression on either side at the base ;
sometimes a little rufescent, and with the extreme lateral edges generally dark. Ehjtra with very
obsolete indications of striae towards the suture, but almost unstriated towards the margin ; and
with two very minutely impressed points on the disk of each. Antenna, mouth and legs testa-
ceous; the first short and robust.

Of aU the Madenan Trechi which I have hitherto detected, the present one is
the only species which may be said to be truly typical of the genus. It may

64 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

perhaps be regarded as the representative of the common European T. minntus in
these islands ; which indeed in general aspect it somewhat resembles, though at
the same time with abundant distinctive characters of its otvti. Thus, for instance,
it is always very much smaller than that insect, and its colour is invariably pale
lurid-testaceous (instead of rufo-piceous), whilst its head is of a deep black ; its
prothorax is subcordate (instead of transverse), and proportionably much longer
than in that species ; its cl;v'tra are almost impercejitibly striated, and its antennae
are extremely short and robust, being scarcely more than half the length of those
of the T. mvmiUis. It is apparently extremely rare, the only spot in which I have
observed it being at Santa Anna, in the north of the island, where, at the end of
June 1850, I captured many specimens, on several occasions, beneath the chestnut-
trees in the vineyard of Senhor Louiz Acciaioly, and invariably in the perforations
of di'ied cow-dung, — a somewhat singular liabitat for a Trechiis ; nevertheless I was
not able to procui-e it under any other circumstances.

§ II. Apterus : mentwm dente medio bifida instruct urn : palpi articulo ultimo subfusiformi-conico.

(Subgenus CALOTEECHUS, WoU.)
A. Elytra phis minusve varier/afa.

47. Trechus nigrocruciatus, n^oll. (Tab. II. fig. l.)

T. ovatus nigro-piceus, prothorace subquadrato basi lato et utrinque impresso angulis posticis sub-
acuminato-rectis, eljrtris mox pone basin convexis leviter striatis rufo-testaceis cruce maxima
nigro-picea ornatis, antennis infuscatis, pedibus pallidis.
Var. fi. omnino pallidior, prothorace ad latera testaceo, elji:ris pallidis fascia subapicali dentata
nigrescenti ornatis.

Long. Corp. lin. 2j-2j.

Habitat in Madcnl sylvatica excelsa, sub lapidibus foliisque arborum dejectis, circa 5000' s. m., raris-
simiis : in locis humidiusculis prope Cruzinhas, nccnon ad summam originem convallis Ribeiro
Fundo dicta>, quai in regione Fanalensi sita est, mense Julio a.d. 1850 primus inveni.

T. ovate, shining, and piceous-black. Prothorax subquadrate, wide behind and narrowed in front ;
the posterior angles somewhat acuminated and nearly right angles ; with a deep dorsal channel ;
and a wide, somewhat wrinkled fovea on either side at the base ; the lateral margins a little
rcflexc'd, and in most instances vciy obscurely rufcscent. Elytra convex just behind the base,
rather lightly striated, and with two minutely impressed points on the disk of each near the
third stria from the suture; rufo-testaceous, with a broad, immensely developed black cross in
the centre, occupying the greater portion of the entire surface, and leaving only an elongated
patch about the shoulders, the apex, and a narrow ill-defined marginal line (connecting the two),
pale. Antenna infuscatcj their basal joints, the pulp i and the legs pale testaceous, — the tarsi at
base and the tibia at apex being usually a little obscurer.
Var. /3. altogether paler ; the lateral margins of the prothorax being dull testaceous ; and the
elytra, with the exception of a zigzag postmedial fascia which is more or less black, entirely pale.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 65

A most elegant species, and apparently one of the rarest of all the Madeiran
Coleoptera. It may be at once known from the remainder of the genus here
described by its large ovate outHne, by its posteriorly widened prothorax, and by
its brightly spotted elytra, — which last indeed might almost have been described
as quacU-ipunctate did not the existence of the pale varieties seem rather to imply
that they should be regarded, more correctly, as testaceous, with two darker bands
(the one sutural, and the other postmedial, — and iatersecting each other at right
angles) placed vipon them, and which are so immensely developed as to cover the
entire sm*face except a conspicuous spot at each of the shoulders, the apex, and a
narrow connecting line along the margin. It occurs only at very lofty elevations,
its range being the vipper limits of the sylvan districts, and extending perhajjs
from about 4500 to 5000 feet above the sea. It is found beneath dead rotting
leaves in the vicinity of the springs and small trickling streams ; imder which
circmnstances I captured it at the Cruzinhas, during my encampment there in
July 1850, as also at the extreme head of the Ribeu-o Fundo, — on the northern
edge of the Fanal.

48. Trechus flavomarginatus, WoU. (Tab. II. fig. 2.)

T. oblongo-ovatus depressiis nigro-piceus, prothorace subquadrato basi vix angustato et utrinque im-
pressD angulis posticis subrectis, elytris striatis ad marginem prsesertim antice et postice flavo-
testaceis, antennis infuscatis, pedibus paliidis.
Var. /3. paido major et latior, valde depressus, elytris minus profunda striatis atque latius flavo-
marginatis.

Long. Corp. liu. l^^-li.

Habitat per regionem Maderae sylvaticam, sub lapidibus truncisque arborum projectis, prsesertim in
locis humidiusculis, toto auno frequens.

T. oblong-ovate, depressed, shining, and piceous-black. Prothorax subquadrate, rather wider in front
than behind ; the posterior angles nearly right angles ; with an obscure dorsal channel ; and a
distinct fovea on either side at the base. Elytra deeply striated ; and with two distinctly im-
pressed points on the disk of each near the thu-d stria from the suture ; with the margins, espe-
cially about the shoulders and apex, more or less distinctly testaceous-yellow ; and the suture also
just perceptibly pale. AntenncB darkly infuscate; their basal joints, the palpi and the legs very
pale testaceous, — the tibia at apex, especially the hinder ones, being a little dusky.
Var. /3. rather larger, and proportionably wider, also somewhat more depressed ; the elytra less
deeply striated, and with the margins and suture more broadly and distinctly testaceous.

Appareiitly the most abundant of all the Trechi peculiar to these islands ; and
it may perhajjs be regarded as especially characteristic of the Madeii^an type, —
occupying somewhat of a central position from which most of the others would
seem to radiate. It presents, in common with the T. dilutus, a very evident inter-
mediate link between the large, ovate, spotted form of the T. nigrocruciatus and

66 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

the more elongated, deeply-coloured, and concolorous ones represented by the
T. umbricola, ciistos, alticola, and cautns. It may he readily known from the
remainder of the present section by its small size, and by the imiversally testa-
ceous margin of its cl}i;ra ; -which is never entirely absent, and which, as though
to recognise the same principle of colom-ing which obtains in the last species, is
somewhat expanded at the humeral angles and apex, — thus calling to mind in a
slight degree the four large and weU-defined patches so conspicuous in that insect.
StUl, these spot-like expansions are so doubtful and suffused, compared with those
of the T. nigrocvHciatus, that they can scarcely be looked upon as more than mere
dilations of the pale marginal Une, — and not therefore as the jiri'^ai'l/ tint of the
elytra, left uncovered by the darker central cloud imposed ujion them. And,
although it is almost immaterial by which method we choose to consider the present
arrangement of the light and dark portions of the surface to have been produced,
yet the fact that the former is the most probable is worthy of notice, as showing
the maimer in which tlie law of colouring would appear to change at tliis midway
point between the two specific extremes. It is essentially a sylvan insect, ranging
from al)Out 2000 to nearly 5000 feet above the sea, and aboimding throughout the
wooded districts in most parts of the island. I have observed it in great profusion
at the Ribeiro Frio, dm-iug the spring and early summer; at the Lombo dos
Peccgucu'os, and at the Cruziuhas, in July ; and at the FeijJva de C6rte in August ;
and I have like\^'ise captured it in the Boa Ventura in January. It would appear
to attain its maxinimn at an altitude of from 3000 to aI)out 4000 feet : and in the
upland region of the Fanal it is comparatively scarce, — its place being there
supplied by the T. cnstos, which is the prevaiHng species. The var. ji. I have
hitherto only taken in the Boa Ventura and at the Cruzinhas.

49. Trechus dilutus, JVoll.

T. oblongo-ovatus depressus fusco-piccus, prothorace subcordato basi utrinque profunde impresso
angulis posticis acuminato-siibrectis, el\i;ris profunde striatis fusco-testaceis macula postica
maxiniA antice valdc suffusa fusco-picca ornatis, antennis iufuscatis, pcdibus pallidis.

Long. Corp. lin. lj-l§.

Habitat cum prgecedcnte, sod illo miilto rarior, locos magis editiores pra;cipue colens.

T. oblong-ovate, depressed, shining, of a dirty piceous-brown, irregularly clouded in parts, giving the
surface a somewhat transparent appearance. Prothurax subcordate, or subquadrate and nan-owed
behind ; the posterior angles sensibly acuminated, and nearly right angles ; with a dorsal
channel ; and a deep fovea on either side at the base. Elytra more deeply striated than in the
last species; and with two larger and more distinctly impressed points on the disk of each near
the third stria from tlie suture; dull brownish-testaceous, shading off gradually behind into a
large cloudy fusco-piceous patch, which is more or less distinct in the different specimens, and
which usually covers the entire hinder portion of the surface. Antenna and legs as in the last
species, though generally not quite so pale.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 67

A very distinct little species, and readily known from the remainder by its com-
paratively subcordate protborax, wbicb has the hinder angles prodviced into a
minute point, and by its diluted, cloudy surface, — the darker portions shading off
so gradually, and yet so unequally, into the lighter ones as to give the insect
somewhat the appearance of tortoiseshell. It is more deeply striated than any of
the rest, and the impressed points on its elytra are usually larger and more
apparent. It is generally taken in company with the T. flavomarginatus, which
at first sight it slightly resembles. It is however by far the rarer of the two, and
occm's in lofty rather than in intermediate altitudes. My specimens are princi-
pally from the Lombo dos Pecegueii'os, the Cruzinhas, the Lombo das Vacas, and
the Fanal.

B. Eh/tra, suturd ohscurissimd excepta, concoloria.

50. Trechus iimbricola, Woll. (Tab. II. fig. 3.)

T. oblongo-ovatus subconvexus nigro-piceus, prothorace subquadrato basi utrinque profunde impresso
angulis posticis subrectis, elytiis striatis, antennis pedibusque pallidis.
Var. |3. paulo minor et interdum picescentior, elytris profuudius striatis.
Long. Corp. lin. 2|-2§.

Habitat Maderam borealem sylvaticam, sub lapidibus truncisque arborum prolapsis, a 3000' s. m.
usque ad 5000' prsedominans : ad Lombo dos Pecegueiros abundat, qua mense Julio a.d. 1850
sat copiose collegi.

T. oblong-ovate, rather convex, shining, and piceous-black ; when immature more or less ferruginous.
Prothorax subquadrate ; the posterior angles a little thickened, and nearly right angles ; with a
dorsal channel ; and a deep fovea on either side at the base. Elytra rather lightly striated ; and
with two impressed points on the disk of each near the third stria from the suture, which is just
perceptibly paler than the rest of the suiface, especially behind. Antenna ferruginous ; palpi
and the legs testaceous, — the femora at base and the tibice towards the apex (especially the hinder
ones) being usually a little dusky.
Var. j3. rather smaller, and a little more piceous ; the prothorax a little narrower, and the elytra
more deeply striated.

Readily known by its large, elongated outline and dark piceous hue, — its legs
and antenna3, and the suture behind, being alone pale. Although not so broad, in
j)roportion, as the T. nigrocruciatus, it is the longest of the Madeii'au Treclii ; and
it would appear moreover to be one of the rarer, or at any rate the more local,
species. It is confined to the damp sylvan districts of intermediate and lofty
elevations ; and seems to be commoner in the region of the Lombo dos Pecegueiros
than in any other portion of the island which I have had an opportunity of inves-
tigating, — where, diu'ing Jidy 1850, 1 captured it from beneath stones and decaying
logs of wood in comparative abundance. I have Likewise taken it, though more
sparingly, on the Lombo das Vacas, in June ; as also at the Cruzinhas and the

Fanal.

k2

68 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

51. Trechus quadi-icollis, Woll.

T. ovato-oblongus subdepressus rufo-ferrugineus, prothoracc subquadrato basi utrinque profunde im-

presso angulis posticis rectis, elytris profunde striatis, antennis ferrugineis, pedibus pallidis.
Long. CGI-]), lin. 2g.

Habitat Maderam australem, rarissimns; — ad Curral das Romeiras, autumno exeunte a.d. 1847, sub
cortice Lauri Indicte laxo semel tantum repcrtus.

T. ovate-oblong, slightly depressed, shining, and pale rufo-testaceous. Prothorax subquadrate ; the
sides almost straight, and the posterior angles nearly right angles ; w-ith a distinct dorsal channel ;
and a deep fovea on either side at the base. Elytra somewhat parallel, deeply striated, the striae
being just perceptibly punctate; and with two very obscurely impressed points on the disk of
each near the third stria from the suture, which is behind just appreciably paler than the rest of
the surface. Antennce, palpi and leffs, especially the last, pale testaceous, — the tibiee being
scarcely more dusky than the femora and tarsi.

The specimen from which the above description has been compiled is hitherto
unique ; nevertheless it presents so many distinctive features of its own that there
can be no doubt as to its true specific claims. Apart from its pale rufo-ferru-
ginous hue, which in the absence of further examples to judge from can scarcely
be pronounced for certain to be an invariable character, its somewhat oblong, sub-
parallel outUne, its rather large and square prothorax, which is scarcely at all
narrowed behind, and its deeply striated elytra, wUl at once serve, in conjxmction,
to remove it from the remainder of the Madeiran Trechi. It was captured by
myself, m the autumn of 18 i?, from beneath the loose bark of an old vinhatico at
the Ciu-ral das Romeiras, above Funchal.

52. Trechus custos, TJ'oU.

T. oblongo-ovatus subconvexus piceus, prothorace subquadrato basi Icviter angustato et utrinque

impresso angulis posticis subrotundatis, elytris striatis, antennis pedibusque pallidis.
Long, coi-p. lin. lj-2.

Habitat in iisdcm locis ac T. jlavoinarginatus, sed etiam paulo ultra regioncm sylvatieam hinc iudc
ascendens.

T. oblong-ovate, a little convex, shining, and jjiceous ; rarely piceous-black. Prothorax subquadrate,
and narrowed behind ; the sides distinctly, and the posterior angles obscurely, rounded ; with a
dorsal channel ; and a rather obscure fovea on either side at the base. Elytra ovate, lightly
striated ; and with two rather distinctly impressed points on the disk of each near the third stria
from the suture, which, es{)ccially behind, is a little paler than the rest of the sui-face. Antemue
ferrugineous, and generally a little infuscate towards their apex; the palpi and the legs pale
testaceous, — the /e/nora at extreme base, and the tibia towards the apex, being a little dusky-

Next to the T. Jlavomarginatus, this is vmquestionably the commonest of the
Madeiran Trec/i^, beiag found beneath stones and decaying logs of wood through-

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 69

out tlie entire sylvan regions, and occasionally indeed extending even a little
beyond them. It is the prevailing species in the upland district of the Fanal,
and on most of the alpine Serras where the forest, although on a gigantic scale, is
less dense, and is gradually becoming extinct. Xevertheless, though attaining its
maximum in these elevated tracts, it is by no means peculiar to them, since it
exists, more or less abundantly, at all altitudes between the limits of from 2500 to
5000 feet above the sea ; and at all seasons of the year. I have taken it in great
profusion, in July, at the Lombo dos Pecegueiros, the Cruzinhas, and the Fanal ;
as also, more sparingly, at the head of the Ril^eiro de JoRo Delgada ; at the Feijaa
de C6rte, in August ; and at the E-ibeiro Frio diu'ing the mnter and early spring.
I possess an example from the south of the island (I believe from the Cui'ral das
Romeiras) which is somewhat larger and more convex than the ordinary type, and
has its prothorax proportionably a Kttle smaller and more quackate ; bvit I con-
ceive it to be merely a local state of our present insect, and without even the claim
to be regarded as a permanent variety.

53. Trechus alticola, WoU.
T. oblongo-ovatus subconvexus nigro-piceus politissinms, prothorace subquadrato basi vix angustato

et utrinque impresso angulis posticis obtusis, elytris leviter striatis, antennis pedibusque pallidis,

tibiis distincte infuscatis.
Long. Corp. lin. 2.

Habitat sub lapidibus in montibus superioribus Maderse; — supra fastigium saxosura in ascensu
mentis Pico dos Arieros dicti, Meya Metade prospiciens, tempore hiberno et vernali a.d. 1849 a
meipso captus.

T. oblong-ovate, a little convex, exceedingly shining, and piceous-black. Prothorax subquadrate, not
quite so much narrowed behind as that of the T. ciistos ; the posterior angles obtuse but scarcely
at all rounded; with a dorsal channel; and a distinct fovea on either side at the base. Elytrii
ovate, very lightly striated ; aud with two distinctly impressed points on the disk of each near
the third stria from the suture, which is somewhat more perceptibly pale than in the last species,
especially behind. Antenna and legs as in the T. custos, only with the tibiee, particularly towards
their apex, more evidently infuscate.

This is the only Madeu'an Trechus of which I have the slightest doubt as to the
true specific claims, since it unquestionably approaches the T. custos very closely :
nevertheless since the minute points wliich separate it from that insect appear to
remain constant, and since in its habits it recedes from the rest of the genus here
described, I have thought it better not to unite the two, until at all events further
evidence shall decide the question. It is the only one, so far as I am aware, in
Madeu'a proper, the normal range of which would seem to be extra-sylvan, the
single locality in which I have hitherto observed it being the lofty uplands be-
tween the Ice House Peak and the Pico dos Arieros, — at an elevation of not less

70 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

than 5600 feet above the sea, and far removed from the highest forest limi ts in
that portion of the island. The spot moreover being one which, from its exposed
nature, could never have been wooded at any time, there is the less reason for
suspecting that the T. alticola may be merely a state of the T. citstos, gradually
assvuncd since the disappearance of the native timber from the region which it
inhabits. '\Mien such causes as these can be shown to have operated, I would at
all times make abundant allowances for them, since their effect in certain instances
has been already proved to a demonstration : but where there is equally decisive
evidence that they could never have been brought into play, small differences must
frequently be regarded as of primary importance Avhere, under other cii'ciun-
stances, even greater ones might be comj^aratively worthless. For these reasons I
am induced to believe that the two insects under consideration may be in reality
distinct ; and, until intermediate links, both in aspect and habits, shall have been
foiuid to connect them, I think we have sufficient grounds for retaining them as
such. The T. alticola tlifi'ers from every form of the T. ciistos which has come
beneath my notice in being more brightly polished and of a uniformly darker hue,
in haA-ing its prothorax slightly less attenuated behind, its elytra more obscm-ely
striated, and its tibia) in all instances much more CAddently infuscate, — more so in
fact than is the case with any of the other species. I captm'ed it, on several
occasions, dm-iug the ■winter and early spring of 1819, in company with Amara
superans, on the bleak exposed ridge, overlooking the head of the Metade valley,
between, as abeady stated, the Ice House Peak and the Pico dos Arieros.

54. Trechus cautus, WoU.
T. ovatus antice subattenuatus, convexus piceus, prothorace convexo subquadrato basi vix angustato et

haud iinprcsso angulis posticis obtusis, elytiis striatis, striis ad latera evanesccntibus, antenuis

pedibusque rufo-ferrugineis.
Long. Corp. liu. 2.

Habitat in montibus Portus Sancti, sub lapidibus in declivibus graminosis, tempore biberno et ver-

nali, rarior.

T. ovate, rather attenuated anteriorly and expanded behind, convex, shining, and piccous. Prothorax
convex, subquadrate, the posterior angles obtuse ; with a veiy obscure dorsal channel ; and with
no appearance whatsoever of fovea; at the base. Elytra ovate, distinctly striated towards the
suture but almost unstriated towards the margin ; with two impressed points on the disk of each
near the third stria from the suture, which is obscurely paler than the rest of the surface, espe-
cially behind. Antenna, palpi and legs rufo-ferruginous.

An exceedingly Avell-marked species, and rt'adily known from tlie rest of the
genus here described l)y its ovate and somewhat anteriorly-acuminated form, by its
convex prothorax, aaIucIi has no appearance whatsoever of foveas or impressions
behind, and by the stria? of its elji;ra, although distinct near the sutm-c, being

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 71

evanescent towards the outer margin. It is the only Trechns which I have
hitherto observed in any of the other islands of the group; being apparently
peculiar to Porto Santo, where, dviring the winter and early spring, I have ob-
served it in tolerable abundance, beneath stones, on the grassy mountain- slopes at
an elevation of about 900 feet above the sea, — though especially on the green
exposed ridge which connects the Pico de Faclio with the Pico do Oastello.

Genus 23. THALASSOPHILUS, Wall. (Tab. II. fig. 5.)

Corpus parvum, lineare : prothorace cordato : alis obsoletis. Antenme filiformes, capite prothoraceque
multo longiores, articulo ])rimo sequentibus robustiore, secundo breviusculo, reliquis sub-
aequalibiis. Lahrum (II. 5 a) transvei'sum, antice profunde emarginatum, aut potius bilobum,
lobo quoque apice barbato et setis paucis longissimis instructo. Mandibulee (II. 5 b, o c) longse
porrectse acutae, intus basi denticulate. Maxilla (II. 5 d) bilobse : lobo externa palpifonni
biai'ticulato : interno acuto iucurvo, apice uuciuato, intus valde ciliato. Palpi articulo ultimo
penultimo minore, in maxillaribus eonico, in labiulibus (II. 5 e) subfusiformi-conico. Mentum
transversum, antice profunda emarginatum et dente medio brevi bifido instructum. Ligula
brevis subcornea, apice rotundata pilisque longissimis ornata; paraglossis angustis linearibus,
cam superantibus. Pedes robusti : tarsis anticis in maribus (II. 5 /) articulis primo et secundo
dilatatis atque intus productis : unguiculis simplicibus.

A OaXaaaa mare, et ^tXo? amicus.

The very interesting insect for which the present genus has been established
approaches slightly, in its outward appearance, to the Cillenum laterale of oui- owti
country ; nevertheless the large terminal joint of its palpi wiU of com-se remove it
from the whole section of the Bembidiudes, whilst from that species in particular the
bifid central tooth of its mentum and deeply bilobed upper lip, in conjimction with
its elongated antennae (which have the foui-th joint not shorter than the pre^dous one)
and the peculiar dilation of its male tarsi, will serve additionally to distinguish
it. In the proportions of its palpi indeed, and of its upper Hp, as well as in its
freedom from Avings, ThalassopUlus is perhaps more nearly related to Aepus than
to anything else with which I am acquamted. StiU, its comparatively gigantic
size and dissimilar form, added to the bifid tooth of its mentum, will readily
separate it from that genus also : and it may not inappropriately be regarded as
constituting a passage between the Hmyalldes and the Bembidiades, — for whilst
the greatly developed ultunate joint of its palpi must needs place it amongst the
former, yet its general habits and aspect are so intimately allied to some of the
early members of the latter as to render its affinity with them Likewise scarcely
less obvious.

55. Thalassophilus WMtei, Woll. (Tab. II. fig. 5.)
T. rufo-ferrugineus nitidus depressus, capite picescenti, prothorace cordato lateribus postice sub-

72 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

reflexis, elytris diluto-testaceis striatis, striis ad latera evanescentibus, fascia subapicali obsciira
nigrescenti ornatis et singulo punctis duobus distinctis impresso, pedibus testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. 12.

Habitat insulas Maderenses, in subsalinis ad ostia rivuloram, vel per litora maris, inter lapillos
fodiens ; rarissimus : duo specimina tantum vidi, unum so. in ins. Portus Sancti Decembri
mense a.d. 1848 a meipso inventum, et alteram a Dom. Rousset ab ora Funchalensi maritima
nuperrime communicatum.
Aniico cl. A. White, Arm., Musei Britannici comiti, hoc insectum valde indigenum et certe no\um
tribiii.

T. elongate, parallel, depressed, shining, and rufo-ferruginous. Head large, more or less riifo-piceous,
with two very deep longitudinal furrows down the forehead; eyes jn'ominent. Prothorax cordate,
margined, especially towards the base, where it is a little retiexed; the extreme posterior angles
rather prominent and acute ; with a distinct dorsal channel ; but with no appearance of fovese
behind. Elytra testaceous, striated, the striae not being perceptibly punctate and vanishing
towards the margins ; with two deep impressions on the disk of each ; and with an obscure,
cloudy, ill-defined patch, common to both and forming an almost obsolete subapical fascia,
slightly infuscate. Antenna infiiscate towards their apex. Legs testaceous.

Apparently one of the rarest of the Macleiran Coleoptera, residing, like the
European Blenuis areolatus and its allies, beneath shingle in brackish spots, into
which it burrows with great dexterity. In spite of my constant researches in
these islands I have hitherto captured but a single specimen, — detected, during
December 1848, at the edges of a small stream in the island of Porto Santo, knoA^-n
as the E-ibeiro de Serra de Fora, at a short distance l)efore it empties itself into
the sea. A second example however has been recently communicated to me by
M. Rousset, — discovered, I believe, on the beach near Funchal. The Madeii-an
representative is somewhat more highly coloured than the Porto Santan one, its
suliapical fascia being more distinctly developed; but whether this is merely
accidental, or would hold good on a larger scale, I am unable, in the absence of
further evidence, to decide.

(Subf. 5. BEMBIDIADES.)
Genus 24. BEMBIDIUM. (Tab. II. fig. 6.)

Latreille, Oen. Crust, et Ins. i. 183 (script. BembiiUon) (1806).

Corptis parvum, plus minusve oblongum : alls amplis. Antenna filiformes, capite prothoraccque
siepius ])aulo longiores, articulo priino scqucntibus robustiore. Lahrum breve transversum,
antice plus minusve leviter emarginatum et setis jiaucis longissimis instructum. Mandibula
porrecta; arcuatse acutre, intus basi plerumque denticulatse. Maxilla (II. 6 a) biloba; : Ivlw
externa palpiformi biarticulato : interna acuto incurvo, apice uncinato, intus valde ciliato. Palpi
articulo penultinio maximo subelavato, ultimo minutissimo subuliformi acuto. Mentum (II. 6 b)

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 73

transversum, antice profunde emarginatum et dente medio integvo instructum. Ligula cornea,
apice subrotundata ; paraglossis siiblinearibus, earn parum superantibus. Pedes robusti : tarsis
anticis in maribus (II. 6 c) articulis primo et secundo dilatatis (iUo magno siibquadrato) : -un-
guiculis simplicibus.

The immense genus Bembiclium, with its numerous subdivisions (proposed suc-
cessively as genera by Megerle, Ziegler and Leach), would seem prima facie to
include many well-defined types of form ; nevertheless the sections which the
several modifications tend to compose merge into each other by such slow grada-
tions, that, like the divisions of Pterosticlms, it is not possible ia a general arrange-
ment to ujihold them. In the structure of their oral organs they present, inter se,
scarcely the slightest difference, every one of them being moulded on a pattern so
nearly similar as to be almost coincident. The minute, subulated terminal joint
of their palpi, the entire central tooth of their mentum, and the largely dilated
basal articulation of their two anterior male feet are the principal distiactive
features which the group displays ; — the fii'st of which moreover is clearly the
most imjiortant, as ser^dng even of itself to isolate the Bembidiades from the
whole of the other subfamilies of the Carabidce. In their habits the species are
essentially subaquatic, being peculiar to moist spots, and especially abundant
beneath stones and shiagle at the margins of ponds and streams.

(Subgenus TACHTS, Ziegl.)

56. Bembidivun bistriatum.
B. fusco-piceum depressum, prothorace subcordato angulis posticis subrectis, elytro singulo striis

duabus suturalibus punctoque impresso, antennarum basi pedibusque testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. |.

Elaph'us histriatus, (Meg.) HvtSt. Fna Aitstr. ri..2Qo (1^12).
Tachys minutissimus, (Leacli) Steph. III. Brit. Ent. ii. 7 (1829).
Bemhidium bistriatum, Dej. Spec, des CoZ. v. 42 (1831).
, Heer, Fna Col. Reh. 123 (1841).

Habitat Maderam, vel ad margines rivulorum, vel super oras rupium humidarum exstantes, inter
muscos lapillosque degens, a vere novo usque ad autumnum, sat vulgare.

B. minute, not very shining, depressed, and brownish-piceous ; sometimes almost ferruginous, or
even with a vei-y slight testaceous tinge. Prothorax subcordate, the posterior angles nearly
right angles ; vrith a deep dorsal channel ; and an impression on either side at the base. Elytra
ovate ; with two distinct striae on each near the sutm-e, the outer ones being evanescent ; and
with a single, rather distinctly impressed point on the disk of each before the middle. Antemice
infuscate ; their basal joints, the apex of the terminal one, the palpi and the legs testaceous.

Rather a common insect beneath small stones and moss on the damp ledges of
the rocks, and amongst loose shingle by the margins of the trickling streams, both

74 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

in the north and south of Macleii-a, at somewhat low and intermediate altitudes.
About half-way up the Ribeii'o de Santa Luzia, from Funchal, I have taken it in
considerable abundance during the spring ; and in June and July at Sao Vincente
and the Forno de Cal. It occurs thi-oughout the greater portion of central and
southern Eui'ope. The Madeiran specimens differ from their more northern
representatives in being a little narrower and less depressed, and in having their
legs and antennae not quite so robust.

57. Bembidivun curvimanimi, iroU. (Tab. II. fig. 6.)

B. nigrum angustiusculuin, prothorace subquadi'ato angulis posticis rectis, elytro singulo striis
quatuor punctatis suturam versus impresso et plagis duabus obscui-is, una magna, subhumerali et
altera minore subapicali, valde suflFuisis rufcscentibus ornato, antennarum basi pcdibusque testaceis.

Long. Corp. lin. 1.

Habitat in ins. Portus Sancti, rarissimum ; — sub lapide ad marginem riviili cujusdam Ribeiro de Sen-a
de Fora dicti semel tautum, Decembri mensc a.d. 1848, repertum.

B. rather narrow, shining, and black. Prothorax longer in proportion than that of the B. Lucasii,
and more quadrate, the posterior angles being right angles ; with a distinct dorsal channel ; and
an obscure impression on either side at the base. Elytra elongate-ovate ; with foui' striae, and
the rudiments of a fifth, on each towards the suture, the outer ones being evanescent ; the striae
distinctly punctured, the sutural one being the longest, and the others gradually abbreviated,
though less abruptly so than in the B. Lucasii; the two impressed points (so thstinct on the disk
of each in that species, on the third stria from the suture) being here almost, if not altogether
obsolete ; each with a large, obscure, ill-defined, suflFiised, rufescent blotch near the shoulder, and
a smaller one, even more indistinct still, behind the apex. Antenna at base, palpi and legs testa-
ceous : the first ferruginous, or slightly infuscate, towards their apex : the two anterior tibite
suddenly bent inwards at a short distance from their extremity.

A very peculiar and interesting little BeinbicUian, and hitherto unique, — the
specimen from which the above description has been compiled haA"ing been cap-
tured by myself in Porto Santo, at the edges of the small stream known as the
llibeu'o de Serra de Fora, during December 1848. It would seem to be the repre-
sentative of the B. Lucasii in that island, to which in some respects it is allied,
although abundantly distinct from it specifically. Thus, it not only recedes from
it, as indeed it does from all the Bemhidia here described, in the singular con-
struction of its anterior tibiae, which are so suddenly bent inwards at a short
distance from their extremity as to give the insect a most unusual appearance,
but it differs likewise in its minuter size, and in its narrower and more parallel
outline, in its total freedom from the brassy-green tinge which is there so con-
spicuous, in its squarer and proportionably longer prothorax, which is much less
narrowed bchmd, and in its elytra having two patches on each, — which are more-
over large (especially the humeral one), rufescent, and so extremely suffused as to

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 75

be only just tlistingiushable. The striae of its elytra are also perceptibly punctate,
and at least four in number (tbere being the rudiments of even a fifth), whereas in
the B. Liicasii there are merely three ; and the impressed points on the disk are
apparently obsolete.

58. Bembidium Lucasii.

B. Beneo-viridescenti-nigrum, prothorace transverso-subquadi'ato basi attenuato angulis posticis sub-
rectis, elytro singiilo striis tribus suturam versus pimctisque duobus impresso et macula subapicali
parva rotundata valde distincta testace^ ornato, antennarum basi pedibusque testaceis.

Long. covp. lin. \\-\l.

Berribiditmi Lucasii, Duval, Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de France (2'^™« serie), x. 137 (1851).

Habitat in bumidis Maderse, ad Sanctam Annam Maio exeunte a.d. 1850 copiose collectum; necnon
exemplar unicum etiam in Madera australi, prope urbem Funchalensem, el. Dom. Hear detexit :
in viciuitate aquarum desilientium prfedominat, nunc in luto sepultum, nunc per superficiem
velocissime cui-rens, — quapropter difficilius capiendum.

B. larger than the last species, shining, dark greenish-black, and generally with a very obscure brassy
tinge. Prothorax short, subcordate, attenuated behind, nevertheless with the posterior angles
nearly right angles ; with an obscure dorsal channel ; and an impression on either side at the
base. Elytra ovate; with three deep striae on each towards the suture, the outer ones being
evanescent ; the strise not perceptibly punctured, the sutural one being the longest, and the
others successively shorter and abruptly terminated anteriorly ; with two impressed points on the
disk of each on the third, or outer stria ; each with a small, rounded, well-defined patch, behind
the apex, testaceous. Antenna at base, palpi and legs testaceous : the first rather longer than
those of the B. curvimanum, and more darkly iufuscate towards then- apex: the tivo anterior tibiae
just perceptibly bent inwards at a short distance from their extremity, though very much less so
than in the last species.

The distinctions between the present species and the last have been ak-eady
pointed out. The B. I/iicasii is strictly a Mediterranean insect, having been
hitherto only recorded in Algeria and Spain. Although not rare, it is apparently
extremely local in Madeira, the only spot in. which I have observed it in any pro-
fusion being at Santa Anna, in the north of the island, where, during May and
June of 1850, I captured it in great abundance at the edges of the small stream
which crosses the pathway down to the sea, at about a thu-d of the distance, from
the Quinta of Senhor Louiz Acciaioly. On the southern side of the island I have
not as yet, myself, detected it ; but I possess a specimen, communicated to me by
Professor Heer of Zurich, collected diu'ing the winter of 1850-51 in the vicinity of
Funchal.

59. Bembidium obtusum.

B. subviridescenti-, vel subpicescenti-nigrum, prothorace subquadrato angulis posticis rotundato-

L 2

7G INSECTA MADERENSIA.

obtusis, elytris leviter punctato-striatisj singulo punctis duobus impresso, antenaarum basi pedi-
busque ferrugineis.
Long. Corp. lin. l^^-lf .

JBembidium obtusum, Sturm, Deutsch. Fna, vi. 165 (1825).
TacJii/s obfusiis, Steph. HI. Brit. Ent. ii. 6 (1829).
Bembidium obtusum, Dej. Sj^ec. des Col. v. 177 (1831).
, Heer, Fna Col. Helv. 136 (1841).

Habitat insulas Maderenses, sub lapidibus vel ad vias, Line inde ab orS, maritima usque ad summos
montes ascendens : in graminosis Portus Sancti abundat ; neenon in ins. Ueserta Grandi, qua
speeimina amplitudine acerescunt.

B, elongate-oblong, shining, black, and with a just perceptibly greenish, or piceous tinge. Prothorax
large, subquadrate, the sides and posterior angles being somewhat rounded; with a dorsal
channel ; and an impression on either side at the base. Elytra somewhat parallel ; finely punc-
tate-striated, the striffi being evanescent towards the margin ; and with two minutely impressed
points on the disk of each near the third stria from the sutm-e. Antenna at base, and legs ferru-
ginous ; the former darkly infuscate towards their apex.

The B. obtusum, so universal throughout Europe and the north of Africa, occurs
in most of the islands of the Madeii-an group, though not very abundantly in any
of them. It is found at all altitudes, but is commoner in low, or but slightly
elevated localities than in the higher regions, existing beneath stones in grassy
spots, and occasionally to be seen, especially on the wing, even in the gardens of
Funchal. On the cliffs to the eastward. of the town, towards the Cabo Gerajao, I
have taken it constantly, during the autumnal months ; as also, late in the spring,
at Santa Anna,; and, during July, in the lofty district of the Fanal, — upwards of
5000 feet above the sea. It has been likewise captui'ed by Professor Heer at the
Campan.'irio and on the Pico da Cruz. On the mountain slopes of Porto Santo it
is by no means rare ; and I possess a tolerably extensive series from the Dezcrta
Grande, obtained, during my encampment there with the Rev. E. T. Lowe, in
May 1850, and ranging somewhat above the average in point of size. On oil the
islands indeed the insect attains a larger stattire than it does in more northern
countries, and presents other differences likewise, which it is evident however are
merely geograpliieal ones. Thus, it is not only longer than the ordinary i\])c but
projiortionably more parallel, the hinder angles of its prothorax are a little more
rounded and less thickened, its elytral striae are much less deeply impressed, and
its entire surface is more brilliantly polished. It is in fact the particular state
which appears to obtain, more or less CAridently, tlu'oughout the greater portion of
southern Eru'ope, — and is, consequently, the result of latitude rather than of
isolation. I am informed by my friend Dr. H. Schaum of Berlin that he has
observed precisely the same variety at Nice, as the Madeii-an one, where it is
extremely abundant.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 77

(Subgenus PERYPHTJS, Meg.)

60. Bembidium Atlanticum, WoU.

B. subcyaneo-, vel subsenescenti-v-iride, prothorace parvo cordato basi valde attenuate angulis posticis

rectis, elytris punctato-striatis fascia communi subapicali rufo-testacea (interdum obsoleta)

decoratis, singulo punctis duobus distinctis impresso et plaga subbumerali suffasa rufo-testacea

(interdum obsoleta) ornatis, antennarum basi pedibusque rufo-testaceis.
Var. a. subcyaneo-viride, elytris fere immaculatis, fascia plagisque obsoletis. (In Madera Boreuli

status typicus.)
Var. ^. subcyaneo-, vel subsenescenti-viride, elytromm fascia plagisque valde indistinctis. (In

Madera Boreali et in Portu Sancto ; rarior.)
Var. y. cyaneo-viride, elytrorum fascia plagisque valde distinctis. (In Fortu Sancto status typicus;

sed in Madera Boreali rarissimus.)
Var. i. cyaneo-viride, elytris leete coloratis, fere testaceis, fascia distincta et plagis valde sufFusis

confluentibus. (In Portu Sancto, rarior.)
Var. e. paulo majus et latius, cyaneo- senescent!- viride, elj-tris fere immaculatis, fascia omnino et

plagis fere obsoletis; pedibus, prsesertim tibiis, iuEequaliter infuscatis. (In Madera Australi,

rarissimus.)
Long. corp. lin. 2i-2f.

Habitat per litora rivulorum Maderae, prsesertim Borealis; necnon in ins. Portu Sancto, tempore
biberno et veraali, frequens : var. a. in Ribeiro de Sao Jorge, baud procul a Sancta Anna,
abundat, qua d. 17 Mai. a.d. 1850 copiosissime collegi; varietatis ^. exemplar unicum bactenus
vidi, a meipso ad Curral das Romeiras in Madera AustraU autumno exeunte a.d. 1847
detectum.

B. sbining, more or less of a bluish-green bue, and occasionally with a brassy tinge. Prothorax
small, cordate, convex, and highly pohshed, much attenuated, and transversely punctm-ed, be-
hind, the posterior angles being right angles ; with a distinct dorsal channel ; and a deep fovea
on either side at the base. Elytra parallel ; uniformly punctate-striated ; with two distinctly
impressed points on the disk of each near the third stria from the suture ; with a large sublunu-
late fascia behind, common to both, and a diffused patch on each about the region of the
shoulders, more or less obscurely rufo-testaceous, — either the fascia or the patches, and occa-
sionally both, having a tendency to become obsolete. Antenna at base, palpi and legs rufo-
testaceous : the fii-st more or less infuscate towards their apex.

Var. a. bluish-green; and with the elytra almost immaculate,— there being scarcely the slightest
indication of either the fascia or patches. (The typical state in the north of Madeira.)

Var. fi. bluish-green, or green with an jeneous tinge; the elj-tra with both the fascia and patches
perceptible, although indistinct. (Abnormal both in the north of Madeira and in Porto Santo.)

Var. y. bluish-green, or greenish-blue ; the elytra with the fascia and patches exceedingly well
defined. (The typical state in Porto Santo, but extremely rare in the north of Madeira.)

Var. 8. bluish-green, or greenish-blue ; the elytra abuost testaceous, the fascia being exceedingly
bright, and the patches large, and so much diffused as to be almost confluent, and to cover the

78 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

greater portion of the surface. Antennae less infuscate than in the other states. (The extreme
pale variety of Porto Santo.)
Var. e. somewhat larger and broader than any of the above states ; brassy-green, and with a bluish
tinge unequally distributed over the surface ; the elytra almost immaculate, the fascia being
obsolete, and the patches only just indicated. Legs, especially the tibiae, more or less infuscated
in parts. (Ravines in the south of Madeira.)

Throughout all the Madeii-an Coleoptera there is perhaps no insect which dis-
plays such an extraordinary range of colouring as the present one does ; and
although it is true that the section of Bembidhim to which it belongs is essentially
a A'ariable one, yet I am not acquainted "nith any Feryphns in which the paler
liatches of the elytra are so remarkal)ly unstable, or which appear to be so com-
pletely under the control of external circumstances, as are those of the B. Atlan-
ticum* : and indeed unless viewed in the mass, we should scarcely be inclined to
recognise the same species in the many diflferent aspects which it puts on between
its extremes. The examination however of a very large number of examples, and
a carefid consideration of the several localities and altitudes in which they were
taken, has convinced me that there is unquestionably but a single type of form
amongst my entire series, since the whole are so intimately connected, by success-
ive gradations both of outhne and colom% that it is perfectly impossible to isolate
even a single specimen, or to draw a line of specific demarcation between any two
consecutive members of the chain. It will be perceived, by a reference to the
above diagnosis, that the insect in question passes unperceptibly from nearly a
pure green, thi-ough a well-defined spotted state, into one which has the ehi;ra
abuost testaceous, — the paler portions being at last so largely developed as to
become confluent and almost to cover the entire sm-face. In Madeii"a proper the
darker varieties would seem to be tyjiical ; whereas in Porto Santo the brightly
coloured ones preponderate, and in fact are all but universal. Both extremes do
nevertheless occur in both islands, the tendency being merely, in either case, to
assmne the particular modification characteristic of the spot. In the north of
Madeira the specimens are somewhat narrower than either the southern or the
Porto Santan representatives. I have taken it abimdantly in tlie Eibeiro de Sao
Jorge, Avhere, on the 17th of May 1850, I observed it va literal profusion, near the
old road from Santa Anna to Ponta Delgada, AAhich crosses the valley at a greater
distance from the sea than the present one does, and consequently at a somewhat
higher elevation. In the south of the island it is far scarcer, — the tributary
ravuie to the Curral das Romcu-as being the only spot in which I have hitherto
detected it. In Porto Santo it is tolerably common : and, at edges of a small
stream which finds its way over the abrupt rocks of the northern shore, from the

* Our present insect is jjrobably allied to (lie B. Ltmtanicum, Putzeys (Entoni. Zcit., a.d. 18-15,
p. 139) ; nevertheless I should state that I forwarded speeiiiicus to 51. Duval, of Paris, duinng the time
in which he was preparing liis monograph on the European Bemhidia, who pronoimced them to be un-
questionably new.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 79

open plain of the Campo de Baxo, I captured an extensive series, during December
of 18i8.

61. Bembidium tabellatum, WoU.

B. valde depressum nigro-viride subopacum, protborace cordato basi attenuato angulis posticis rectis,
elytris profunde subpunctato-striatis, singulo punctis tribus magnis distinctis impresso, antenna-
rum basi pedibusqiie rufo-piceis.

Long. Corp. bn. 3.

Habitat Maderam australem, ad marginem rivub cujusdam parvi prope Curral das Romeu'as, sero
autumno a.d, 1847, inventum : in Madera boreaU mibi adbuc non obvium.

B. very mucb depressed, dull blackish-green, and nearly opake. Prothoraoe small, cordate, much
attenuated behind, the posterior angles being right angles j with a distinct dorsal channel ; and
a veiy deep, roughened fovea on either side at the base. Elytra less parallel than in the last
species, and rather acuminated behind ; very deeply striated, the strijE being minutely punctm'ed
and the interstices rather convex ; with three very large, distinct, and deeply impressed points on
the disk of each near the third stria from the suture. Antenna elongated, their base rufo-piceous
or ferruginous; darkly infuscated, or almost black, towards their apex. Leffs more or less
piceous, or fusco-piceous.

Apparently the representative in these islands of the common B. tihiale of more
northern latitudes, of which indeed it is just possible that it may be a geogra-
phical variety. Still, it presents so many small distinctive characters peculiarly
its o"\vn that it is scarcely safe to refer it to that insect. Thus, it differs from it in
its extraordinarily depressed body, in its uniformly opake and darker surface, in its
small, short, and cordate prothorax, which is exceedingly attenuated behind, and
in its more deeply striated and apicaUy acuminated elytra, which have moreover
three very large and distinctly impressed points, instead of only two, on the disk
of each. Its antennte also are somewhat longer than those of that species, and its
tibise are not sensibly paler than the femora and tarsi, — its legs being entu'ely
picescent, It would seem to be local, occui"ring at the edges of the streams
towards the south of the island. In the ravine immediately to the westward of
the Curral das Romeiras, towards the Mount Church, I captm-ed it sparingly
during the autumn of 18i7, but I have not since succeeded in detecting it.

62. Bembidium elongatum.

B. angusto-elongatum subaenescenti-viride, prothorace elongato-subcordato basi valde attenuato angulis
posticis rectis, antice posticeque punctato, elytris subcyanescentibus subcylindricis profunde
punctato-striatis, striis apicem versus evanescentibus, singulo punctis duobus impresso et macula
submarginali testacea. longe intra apicem ornato, antennarum basi pedibusque paUidis.

Long. Corp. lin. 2-2A.

80 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Bemhiditim elongatum, Dej. Spec, des Col. v. 148 (1831).
— , Heer, Fna Col Heh. 134 (1841).

Habitat Maderam, vel ad ripas fluviorum vel sub lapidibus in locis humidis, toto anno frequens : in
Madera boreali fure ad maris litus descendit, sed in australi vix infra 1500' s. m. hactenus
observavT.

B. elongated and narrow, shining, dark obscure green, and with a slightly jeneous tinge. Prothorax
elongate-subcordate, convex, and highly polished, much attenuated behind, the posterior angles
being right angles ; with a cluster of large, scattered punctures in front, and a greater number
across the hinder margin ; with a distinct dorsal channel ; and a small fovea on either side at the
base. Elytra with a slightly bluish tinge ; subcyliudrical, with the sides nearly parallel ; deeply
punctate-striated, the striae vanishing near the apex, which is obscurely testaceous ; each with two
impressed points on its disk near the third stria from the suture (of which the anterior one is
large and distinct, and the posterior one almost obsolete), and a rounded, submarginal, testaceous
patch at a considerable distance behind the apex. Antenna at base rufo-testaceous, darkly infus-
cated towards their apex. Legs (except the extreme base of the tibiae, which is darker) pale
testaceous.

The narrow, elongated outline and subcylindi-ical body of the present Bem-
bidium, added to its (not posteriorly only, but) anteriorly punctured prothorax,
its dark green sui-face, and the pale submarginal patch with which each of its
elytra is ornamented at a considerable distance behind the apex, will be sufficient
to distinguish it, even prima facie, from the remainder of the genus here described.
It is a tolerably abimdant insect in Madeii-a, being widely distributed over the
island at intermediate and lofty elevations, and occui-ring beneath stones by the
edges of the streams, at nearly all seasons of the year. Towards the north it is
less peculiar to the mountain districts than it is in the south, being not imconmion
in the -sicinity of Sao Vincente and at the Forno de Cal; whereas the lowest
altitude at which I have hitherto observ^ed it in the latter is the Cui-ral das
Romeiras, above Funchal, where dm'ing the autumn of 1847 I captiu-ed it in
considerable profusion. It would seem to attain its maximum, however, in much
higher regions, being very plentiful in damp spots on the mountain-slopes imme-
diately below the summit of the Paul da Serra, — both on the ascent from Sao
Vincente, and likewise, on its north-western Kmits, towards the Fanal. It is
recorded ia Spain, France, S^vitzerland, Styria, and Dalmatia ; and I have seen
specunens, in the collection of J. B-ix, Esq. of St. Neots, which were taken in
Jersey.

(Subgenus LOPIIA, Meg.)

63. Bembidium Schmidtii, WoJl.
B. suba:nescenti-atrum, prothorace cordato basi valde attenuato punctato angulis posticis rectis,
elytris antice profunde punctato-striatis, striis pone medium evanescentibus, singulo punctis
dunbus magnis impresso et maculis duabus diluto-testaceis, una magna triangulari subhumcrali

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 81

et altera minore longe intra apicem sita, ad marginem fere coufluentibus ornato, antennarum
basi pedibusque rufo-picescentibus.
Long. Corp. lin. 2-2^.

Habitat ad margines aquarutn, vel stagnantium vel fluentium, in Madera excelsa sylvatica, rarius : ad

Cruzinhas prfedominatj qua mense Julio ineunte a.d. 1850 plurima specimina cepi.
In honorem Entomologici periti Dom. Ferd. Jos. Schmidt nomen triviale dedi.

B. shining, and deep feneous-black. Prothorax cordate, a good deal wrinkled in front, coarsely-
punctured and much attenuated behind, the posterior angles being right angles ; with a dorsal
channel ; and a small fovea on either side at the base. Elytra oblong-ovate ; deeply punctate-
striated anteriorly, the striae being almost evanescent about the middle ; with two large, though
not very deeply impressed points on the disk of each near the third stria from the suture, and
each with a large subtriangular patch about the shoulders, and a smaller, somewhat rounded one
at a considerable distance behind the apex (the two almost united towards the lateral margin),
dull testaceous. Antenna at base and legs more or less rufo-picescent.

The present Bemhidium would seem to be the Madeiran representative of the
B. callosum, Kust., of central and southern Europe. It is not impossi])le indeed
that it may be an extreme local state of that insect ; nevertheless, like the B. tabel-
latum, it possesses so many peculiarities essentially its own that I prefer retaining
it as separate to incurring the risk of conceding too much to geographical effects.
It differs from the species in qiiestion in being larger, and proportionably broader,
ia its more brassy hue, in the obscurer patches of its much more deeply striated
elytra, and in its legs being uniformly darker and more piceous. It is, apparently,
exceedingly rare, or at any rate local, its normal range being the edges of the
streams and pools towards the upper limits of the wooded districts. The only
occasion on which I ever observed it plentifully was, in the lofty region of the
Cruzinhas, during July 1850. I once indeed caj)tm'ed a few specimens even on the
level of the shore, on the coast-road leading from Sao Vincente to Seisal, — in the
vicinity of the first large waterfall, which issues from the ravines above and finds
its way, over the beach, into the sea. From the nature of the spot, however, I
have not the slightest doubt but that they had been washed down by some of the
floods Avhich occur so frequently in Madeira, and with such violence, especially
towards the north of the island, as occasionally to carry almost everytliing before
them; — a supj)osition which is rendered the more probable from the fact that
other insects, unquestionably alpine, were found in company with them, which
could scarcely have existed in such a position except by accident.

M

82 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Sectio II. HYDRADEPHAGA.
ram. 2. DYTISCID^.

Genus 25. COLYMBETES.

ClairviUe, Ent. Helv. ii. 198 (1806).

Cm'pus vel mediocre, vel (ut in specie nostra) magnum, plus minusve oblongum : alis amplis. An-
tenna filiformes. Labrum brevissimum, antice Icviter emarginatum. Mandibula; breves, apice
lato-emarginat?e, intus basi bidentatse. Maxilla bilobse: lobo externa palpiformi biarticulato :
inferno acuto incurve, ad apicem uncinato, intus valde ciliato. Palpi maxillares articulo ultimo
elongato-truncato : labiales articulo secundo elongate, ultimo paulo brcviore subarcuato. Mentum
transversum, antice profunde emarginatum et dente medio brevi trancato instructum. Liyula
quadrata, antice ciliata. Pedes natatorii : tarsis anterioribiis in maribus articulis tribus dilatatis,
subtus acctabulis obsitis : unguiculis anterioribus magnis valde curvatis sequalibus, posticis sub-
rectis inaequalibus, superiore fixo.

The genus Cohjmhetes, embracing Uybitts and Agohns, Avhich are now regarded
as distinct, was established by Clau-ville in 1806 ; but it was not until 1817 that
it was restricted (as above defined), by Dr. Leach, to the larger members of the
group. As thus limited, it has, apparently, but a single representative in the
Madeii'a Islands ; namely —

64. Colymbetes Lanio.
C. oblongus nigro-piccus, capitis parte antica maculisque duabus in fronte sitis et prothoracis lateribus

rufo-testaceis, elytris testaceis densissime nigro-irroratis, singulo longitudinaliter profunde

triseriato-punctato, antennis pedibusque rufo-ferrugineis.
Long. Corp. lin. 10.

Dytiscus Lanio, Fab. Ent. Syst. i. 190 (1792).

•, Oliv. Ent. iii. 40. 19. pi. 2. fig. 9 (1795).

Cohjmhetes Lanio, Aube, Hydroeanth. 221 (1838).

Habitat in aquis Maderse, prsesertim fluentibus, a 1000' usque ad 4000' s. m. ascendens : in rivulis
supra Funchal, necnon in Madera boreali in ascensu a Sao Vincente ad campum ilium Paul da
Serra dictum, a-state et autumno abundat.

C. large, oblong, and somewhat convex; both sexes shining; piceous-black. Head and prothorax
(especially in the male sex) somewhat rcticulose : the former with its anterior portion (com-
mencing from the insertion of the antenna?), and two large transverse patches on the forehead, rufo-
testacoous, and with a sinuated impression on either side, between the eyes : the latter transverse,
impressed behind and before, and with the edges broadly rufo-testaceous. Elytra testaceous, and
exceedingly densely besprinkled with minute, black, and more or less confluent spots, wiiich
almost obscure the entire surface ; with three longitudinal rows of large and deeply impressed
points on each, the outer one of which is the least apparent. Legs and antenna rufo-ferruginous.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 83

A largo and beautiful Colymbetes, and apparently peculiar to Madeira, — having
been first described by Pabricius, from a specimen in the Banksian collection, in
the year 1792. It is universally distributed, beyond the elevation of about 1000
feet, but is more especially abundant between the limits of from 3000 to 4000,
above the sea. Owing to the rapidity of the mountain torrents, water insects are
comparatively scarce in Madeira ; and the pi'esent species would seem to be one of
the few which is able to exist indiscriminately, its powerful and greatly developed
wings enabling it to take refuge in the most isolated pools, and in other spots
which it could not possibly reach except by flight. In the streams which issue from
the Paul da Serra it is common ; and I have observed it, likewise, in most of the
rivers flowing towards the south of the island, particularly in the Ribeiro de Santa
Luzia and at the Curral das Romeiras, — where it occurs in profusion at nearly all
seasons of the year, though especially dui'ing the autumnal months.

Genus 26. AGABUS.

Leach, Zool. Miscall, iii, 69, 72 (1817),

Corpus fere ut in genere prsecedenti, sed minus. Palpi labiates articulis secundo et ultimo subsequali-
bus : mentuin antice dente medio brevi subemarginato instructum : et unguiculi postici (ut
anteriores) aequales curvati mobiles.

Agabus may be readily distinguished from Colymbetes proper by the smaller
size of the species which compose it, by the second and thii'd joints of its labial
palpi being of almost the same length, and by its two hinder claws being, like the
remainder, equal and moveable, — instead of unequal and with the larger one fixed.
So far as I have hitherto observed, the genus has three representatives in Madeii-a ;
one of which, moreover, is peculiar to the island,

65. Agabus bipustulatus.

A. oblongus subdepressus subseneacenti-nigropiceus, minutissime longitudinaliter strigulosus, ore et

capitis maculis duabus obscurissimis in fronte sitis ferrugineis, elytro singulo longitudinaliter

confuse triseriato-punctato, antennis pedibusque picescenti-ferrugineis.

Variat colore plus minusve picescenti, — prsesertim in foemina, cujus superficies plerumque opacior
est.

Long. Corp. lin. 5-5i.

Dytiseus bipustulatus, Linn. Si/st. Nat, ii. 667 (1767).

_, Fab, Syst. Eleu. i. 263 (1801).

Cohjmletes hipusttclatus, Steph, III. Brit. Ent. n. 80 (1829).
Agabus bipustulatus, Aube, Hydrocan. 357 (1838).

Habitat in rivTolis Maderse, necnon in aquis quietis ; ubique vulgaris, sed supra 1000' s, m. prsedominans.

A. oblong, and somewhat depressed, dark piceous-black, and with a shghtly seneous tinge ; the entire

m2

84 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

surface most closely and minutely strigulose ; the males shining ; the females opake, and usually
of a somewhat more piccous hue. Head with the parts of the mouth, and two very obscure
transverse patches on the forehead dull feiTuginous. Prothoraw sparingly punctured along its
hinder margin towards the posterior angles. Elytra with three very irregular longitudinal rows
of impressed points on each. Legs and antenna more or less rufo-piceous, or rufo-ferruginous ;
the latter being the paler of the two ; and the former with the femora generally somewhat darker
than the tibise and tarsi.

The A. hipustulatus, so abundant througliout the whole of Eiu'ope and the north
of Africa, occiu's in nearly all the streams and pools of Madeira, and at all alti-
tudes, — though perhaps it is more common above the elevation of 1000 feet than
below it. Being an insect of such wide geographical range, we should not expect
it to be much affected by either latitude or position ; and accordingly we find that
the Madeiran specimens do not in any respect differ from the usual type.

66. Agabus nebulosus.
A. ovatus convexus nitidus uigro-piceus, capitis parte antica maculisque duabus in fronte sitis obscure
rufo-testaceis, prothorace rufo-testaceo in di.scum bimaculato, elytris testaceis, macidis plurimis
ininutis inajqualibus nigris plus minusve confluentibus undique iiToratis, singulo longitudinaliter
obsolctissime triseriato-punctidato, antennis pedibusque rufescenti-testaceis.
Var. /3. maculis frontalibus vel obsoletis vel confluentibus, prothorace immaculate.
Long. Corp. lin. 4-44.

Bytisctis nebulosus, Forster, Nov. Spec. Ins. 56 (1771).

bipunctatus, Fab. MaiU. Lw. 190 (1787).

, Oliv. i:nf. iii. 40. 22 (179.5).

Colymhetes nebulosus, Stopli. lU. Brit. Ent. ii. 72 (1829).
Agabus bipunctatus, Aube, Hydrocan. 328 (1838).

Habitat Madcram, in aquis prope urbem Funchalensem a Dom. Ilousset nuper detectus.

A. ovate, rather convex, beneath piceous-black ; both sexes shining. Head dark behind, its anterior
portion (commencing from about the insertion of the antenna;), and two obscure transverse
patches on the forehead, dull rufo-testaceous. Prothorax rufo-testaceous, rather mottled, or
clouded, in parts, and with two small darker patches on the centre of its disk ; most minutely
and sparingly punctured along its hinder margin towards the posterior angles. Elytra testaceous,
and more or less densely mottled, or clouded (especially behind), with small, U'regular, partially
confluent, black patches or spots, — which leave however a large, ill-defined blotch upon each,
behind the middle of the lateral margin, entirely pale ; with three longitudinal rows of most
minutely impressed pointsjust perceptible on each. Legs and antenna rut'o-testaceous.
Var. /3. with the frontal patches either obsolete or confluent j — in the latter case causing the head,
except the hinder and lateral margins, to be entirely ferruginous : and with the prothorax im-
maculate, the two small discal spots being absent.

Apparently somewhat scarce, and confined, so far as I have been able to ascer-
tain, to the streams in the vicinity of Fuuchal, from whence I have lately received

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 85

several specimens captured by M. E,ousset. It is one of the few representatives
of the Coleoptera which appear to have escaped my own observation in these
islands. Judging from the examples before me, the only local peculiarity which
the sjiecies would seem to possess is, that the state in which the prothorax is
immacvilate, and which in most countries is aberrant, is apparently, in, Madeira,
the commoner of the two. StUl, as I have not had an opportunity of myself
observing this in situ, 1 am scarcely in a position to decide whether or not it is
the case generally ; and hence I have preferred considering the darker form as the
typical one, as being more in accordance with our usual notions regarding the
insect. It is abimdant throughout the whole of Em'ope ; and it is recorded by
Webb and Berthelot in the Canarian Group.

67. Agabus Maderensis, Woll.

A. oblongus pariim nitidus, nigro-piceus, ore, capitis maculis duabus obscurissimis, prothoracis late-
ribus, antennis, pedibusque ferrugiueis, elytroruin superficie paulo insequali, profunde subseriato-
punctata.

Long. Corp. lin. 3-3i.

Habitat in aquis ^Maderse, pr;esertim ultra 2000' s. m., toto anno frequens : in Madera boreali prsedo-
minat, qua fere ad mavis litus descendit.

A. oblong, less convex tban the last species, but more so than the A. bipustulafus, dark piceous ; both
sexes shining, although not very highly polished. Head with the parts of the mouth, and two
very obscure transverse patches on the hinder portion of the forehead dull ferruginous. Prothorax
broader in front than is the case with any of the other species (its sides being much less oblique) ;
with a slightly impressed transverse line along its hinder margin ; considerably roughened,
and with a few scattered punctures, towards the posterior angles ; with the lateral edges more or
less distinctly ferruginous. Elytra with their surface rather uneven, and more or less roughened
with large, scattered punctures, which have a tendency to arrange themselves in three or four
longitudinal rows on each, of which the sutural one is generally the most evident. Le(js and
antenna entirely ferruginous.

An exceedingly indigenous insect, and readily distinguished from the previous
two by its smaller size and piceous coloui*, by the ferruguious edges of its
anteriorly-broader prothorax, and by the somewhat uneven surface and large
punctures of its elytra, — the latter of which are extremely irregvdar and diffused,
having for the most part merely a tendency to arrange themselves in longitudinal
rows. It is abundant in all the mountain torrents of Madeira, from an elevation,
on the southern side of the island of about 1000 feet, and on the northern from
nearly the level of the shore, up to the highest point at which water is found to
exist. It is rarer however towards the south than it is in the north. In the
former I have not detected it much below the upper extremity of the Ribeiro de
Santa Luzia ; but at Sao Vincente, in the latter, I once took it sparingly even on
tlie sea-beach, by the edges of a small stream which issues from the perpendicular

86 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

cliflFs over the road to Seisal, — wliere however it is more than probable that it had
been -washed do^ii from the lofty ravines above. On the upland plain of the Paul
da Serra, 5000 feet above the sea, I have captured it in profusion, from under
stones in the shallow pools and springs which feed the waters of the valley beneath ;
as also in similar positions at the Cruzinhas, in the Eibeu'O de Seisal, and at the
respective heads of the Ribeu'O Fundo and the Ribeiro de Joao Delgada : and Uke-
vnse, very plentifully at times, in. the levada of the Eibeu'o Frio, amongst moist
leaves and rubbish in spots from whence the water had retu'ed.

Genus 27. HYDROPORUS.

Clairv-iUe, Mit. Heh. ii. 1S3 (180G).

Corpus ])arvum, oblongiim vel ovatum : prothorace basi in mcflio proclucto : alls amplis. Anfenrus
filiforraes. Labrum brevissimuiu ti'ansvcrsum, autice profunde euiarginatum. Mandibula breves,
apice late emarginatre, intus unideiitatse. Maxilla bilobiB : lobo externo palpiformi biarticulato :
interna acuto incurvo, ad apicem uucinato, intus ciliato. Palpi articulo ultimo elongato robusto
subtruncato. Mentum traiisversum, aiitice profunde emargiuatum et dente medio brevi acuto
instructum. Liyula subquadrata. Pedes natatorii : tarsis anterioribus 4-articulatis, in maribus
articulis tribus dilatatis ; posticis 5-articiilatis : unguiculis omnibus aequalibus mobilibus.

The minute size of the Hydropori, added to then- foui- anterior tarsi being
quadi'iarticulate, will, apart fi-om minor characters, at once distinguish them fi-om
the members of the aUied groups. Up to the present period, but two represen-
tatives of this large genus have been detected in Madeu-a, which, for an island
abounding with streams, and in a genus so widely distributed and extensive, is
somewhat remarkable. It may be indeed that the excessive rapidity of the
torrents, which arc constantly liable, from the hea^-y rains, to overHow then-
limits and to precipitate then* contents on to distant and isolated spots (which
quickly afterwards, either by evaporation or absorption, become di'y), is anything
but favourable to aquatic life ; but whether such be the case or not, it is certain
that the Hydradephaga are extremely scarce.

68. Hydroporus vigilans, Woll.

H. oblongus subdepressus fusco-piceus, capitc, prothorace, elytrommque liueis inteiTuptis, plus

muiusve rufo-testaceis, antennis pedibusque pallido-ferrugineis.
Long. Corp. lin. 2i-2|.

Habitat in rivulis Maderse, praesertim per regiones superiores, toto anno \'ulgaris.

H.

oblong, somewhat depressed, dark brownisb-piceous ; the males shining, the females opake.
Head and prothorax i-ufo-testaccous ; i\\c former large, and more or less dusky about the region
of the eyes ; the hitter regularly and equally rounded at the sides, being broadest in the middle,
distinctly punctured along its anterior and posterior margins, and with a narrow transverse
portion before and behind (and occasionally the disk also) more or less cloudy or infuscate.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 87

Elytra with a few faint, irregular, interrupted longitudinal lines dull testaceous ; and with three
longitudinal rows of impressed points on each,— the two inner ones of which are distinct, and
disposed in depressed stria;, whilst the outer one is almost obsolete. Prothorax beneath, legs,
antenna, and parts of the mouth pale ferruginous.

A rather coiiimon Si/drojoonis in nearly all the streams of Madeira, above the
altitude of 1000 feet ; and on the northern side of the island descendinar to a much
lower elevation. In the Ribeiro de Santa Luzia, and at the Cui-ral das Romeii-as,
above Punchal, I have observed it in great profusion ; and in the rivulets issuing
from the Paul da Serra it is equally abundant. Its normal range however would
appear to be from about 2000 to 3000 feet above the sea. Near Sao Vincente
indeed I have eaptm-ed it, occasionally, on the level of the shore ; but, like the
Agabus Maderensis with which it was found in company, it is possible that such
specimens had descended from the lofty ravines above, which terminate at that
particular point, as indeed they do ahnost everywhere along the northern coast, in
abrupt sea cliffs, over which the mountain torrents pour in constant waterfalls.
In such positions it is clear that insects of a normally higher range might, and in
all probability would, be continually washed down, — especially dm-ing the severe
floods to which the island is subject, — and so become naturalized below.

69. Hydroporus confluens.
H. ovatus nigi-o-piceus, supra flavus capite postice leviter infuscato atque elytris apicem versus lineis

interruptis nigris ornatis, antennis pedibusque testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. 1^.

Bytiscus conjluens, Fab. Ent. Syst. i. 198 (1792).
Hyphydrus confluens, GyU. Ins. Suec. i. 522 (1808).
Mygrotus conflttens, Steph. III. Brit. Ent. ii. 47 (1828).
Hydroporus confluens, Aube, Hydrocan. 557 (18.38).

Habitat Maderam australem, rarissimus : in stagno quodam parvo baud procul ab urbe Funchalensi
sito exemplar unicum nuperrime collegit Dom. Rousset.

H. ovate, shining, beneath piceous-black, above pale yellow. Head of a deeper yellow than the rest
of the surface, being almost testaceous ; dusky behind, and about the region of the eyes. Pro-
thorax very short and small, narrower than the elytra, being attenuated in front, and with the
sides (though oblique) straight ; punctured before and behind. Elytra exceedingly pale, with
the suture, and four irregular lines towards the apex of each, deep black, — of which the one
nearest to the suture is short ; the second longer, extending to a little before the middle ; the
third somewhat shorter than the first ; and the fourth long but broken, the lower portion beino-
contluent with the third, and the upper (which in the common European type is well-defined,
and only just detached) almost obsolete, being merely indicated by a minute dash considerably
in advance of the former : with two or three longitudinal rows of impressed points (disposed in
strise) on each, and some large scattered puiictui-es about the region of the suture. Lens and
antennce pale testaceous.

88 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Readily kno^\Ti by its small size and ovate form, by its pallid hue, and by the
abbreviated black lines A^ith which the apical portion of its elytra are decorated ;
— but which are somewhat shorter and less distinct in the single Madeiran
specimen which has hitherto come beneath my notice than in the ordinary type.
It is to M. Uousset tliat we are indebted for the admission of tliis species into our
fauna, a unique example (Avliich is just perceptibly narrower than is usually the
case with its more northern representatives) having been lately discovered by him
in the immediate vicinity of Funchal. It is an abundant insect throughout the
whole of Em'ope and in the north of Africa, — being recorded in Egypt, Algeria,
and Barbary.

Fain. 3. GYRINID^.

Genus 28. GYRINUS.
Linnaeus, S_i/st. JS'af. ii. 567 (1767).

Corpus parvum, ovatum : ocu/is quatuor : prothorace basi in medio producto : alls amplis. Antenna
lO-articulatse, brevissimse, articulo primo minuto, secundo maximo globoso extus in lobum pro-
ducto, reliquis brevissimis inter se arete applicatis, clavam fusiformem eflBcientibus. Labrinn
transversum, antice levitcr emarginatum. Mandihula breves, apice emarginato-dentatne. Maxilla
bilobse : lubo extei-no angusto subulate, exarticulato : interno acuto incurvo, ad apiceni uncinato,
intus valde ciliato. Palpi breves, articulo ultimo in maxillaribus magno ovato, in labialibus
graciliore. Mentuni transversum, antice profunde emarginatum. Ligula brcvis lata, apice
truncata. Pedes posteriores uatatorii, breves compressi ; postici elongati : tarsis postcrioribus
articulis primo, secundo et tertio intus valde productis, ultimo minutissimo.

The Linnsean genus Gi/riuiis presents such remarkal)le featm-es in the struc-
tiu-e of its tarsi, antennae and mouth, that it is hardly necessary to point out its
ilistinctions from any of the ncighbom'ing forms. The species are indeed too well
known, from theu' habits, to require comment : tlicir small, brilliant l)odies so
constantly to be seen on the sm-faces of the stUl pools, ditches, and quiet waters of
nearly every country, — weaving cu'cles, and clustering, in the sun, — can scarcely
have failed to have attracted the attention of tlie most casual observers. I am
doul)tfid whether the group is truly indigenous to these islands, not having myself
succeeded in detecting it, and the only representative which I have hitherto seen
being an example of the common G. natator, given to me by the Eev. R. T. Lowe
from the collection of the late Dr. Heinecken, but unaccompanied by the details of
its capture.

70. Gyrinus natator.
G. ovatus subviridesccnti-nigcr nitidus, elytris striato-punctatis, prothoracis elytrorumque marginibus

inflc.xis, pectore, ano, pedibusque rufo-testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin, 3.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 89

Dytiscus nniator, Linn. Fna Suec. 779 (1761).
Oi/n'nus natator, Linn. Sysf. Nnt. 567 (1767).

, Eab. Ent. Syst. i. 202 (1792).

• , Aube, Hydrocan. QQi (1838).

Habitat Maderam, niilii non obvius : exemplar unicunij a Doin. Heinecken olim captum (e.x Anglia
cum plantis aquaticis introductus ?) in museo Loweano vidi.

G. ovate, black, with a slightly greenish tinge, shining. Prothorax short, produced iu the centre
behind; and transversely furrowed in front, especially towards the anterior angles. Elytra
truncated at their apex, and finely striate-punctate ; their inflexed margin (with that of the pro-
thorax), the breast, the apex of the abdomen underneath, and the legs riifo-testaceous.

As just stated, it is not Avitliout hesitation that I admit the common European
G. natator into our present fauna : nevertheless, since there cannot be any doubt
that Dr. Heinecken's specimen was captured in the island, it is possible that the
species may be truly indigenous, although rare, and that it has hitherto escaped
the observation both of myself and the other naturaUsts who have been working
during the last few years in the Madeiran group. I tliink it far from unlikely,
however, that the unique example on which its admission must be considered to
rest may have been accidentally introduced with aquatic plants, from more northern
latitudes, which were formerly imported into the gardens more generally than
they are now by the English residents ; — -an idea which is rendered the more pro-
bable, since I am informed by Mr. Lowe that Dr. Heinecken's collection was
principally made in the immediate vicinity of Eunchal, where the fresh-water
tanks, attached to nearly every house, would afford ample facilities for an insect
like the present one to become temporarily naturalized.

Sectio hi. PHILHYDRIDA.
Fam. 4. PARNID^.

Genus 29. PARNUS.

Pabriciua, Ent. Syst. i. 215 (1792).

Corpus minusculum, subcylindrico-oblongum, villosum : alis amplis. Antennae 1 0-articulatae bre-
vissimse, articulis primo et secundo majoribus, hoc maximo extus valde producto, reliquis bre-
vissimis, clavam elongato-fusiformem subserratam efficientibus. Lahrum amplum transversum,
antiee leviter emarginatum. MandibulcB acutfe, apice dentatee. Maxilla bilobse membranacese :
lubo externa latiusculo : interna angusto, intus ciliato. Palpi brevissimi, articulo ultimo robusto,
in maxillaribus subovato, in lahialibus subgloboso. Mentum transversum, antiee leviter emar-
ginatum. Ligula ampla. Pedes ambulatorio-subnatatorii, graciles elongati : tibiis cylindricis
muticis : tarsis articulis quatuor subaequalibus, quinto longissimo.

N

90 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

The genus Parnus, concerning the location of which entomologists are stUl so
much divided, may be readily known by the subcylindi-ical, villose bodies of the
few species which compose it, by their slender elongated legs and unarmed tibiae,
and by their subnatatorial habits, — their legs not being formed for s-ndmming, but
for walking on muddy banks, or adhering to the submerged aquatic plants of
ditches and pools. They are of an extremely sluggish natiuT, and possess the power
of remaining a great length of time imder water, theii- woolly smfaces enabling
them to retain a sufficient quantity of air for respii-ation dm-ing submersion.

71. Parnus prolifericomis.

P. subcylindrico-oblongus fusco-uiger, infra albido-holosericeus, supra olivaceo-v'illosus, elytris obso-

Ictissime subpunctato-striatis, tarsis elongatis piceis.

Long. Corp. lin. 2-2j.

Parnus prolifericomis, Fab. Ent. Si/st. i. 245 (1792).

, GyU. Ins. Suec. i. 139 (1808).

, Steph. III. Brit. Ent. ii. 103 (1829).

, Zett. Ins. Lap. 125 (1840).

Habitat in aqiiis quietis Maderje, plantis aquaticis adhferens, vel sub lapidibus ad margiues rivulorum,
toto anno frequens.

P. elongate, subcylindrical-oblong, brownish-black with a just perceptibly sneous tinge; densely
clothed beneath with a short, whitish, and above wth a lougj woolly, olivaceous pubescence ;
minutely punctured. Prothorax convex on the disk; and with an impressed longitudinal line
on either side. Elytra very obsoletely striated, the strife having obscure indications of being
punctured. 7am long and piceous.

Abundant at aU seasons of the year at the edges of the pools and streams of
Madcu-a, ranging fi-om about 1000 to 5000 feet above the sea. My own specimens
are principally from the Cm-ral das Romeiras, Santa i\jina, the Cruzinhas, and the
Panal ; but there is scarcely a district in the island in which I have not observed
it to exist. It is a common insect tlu'oughout Eiu'ope and Algeria ; and the
Madeii"an specimens do not appear to differ in any respect fi'om the ordinary type.

Farn. 5. HYDROPHILIDiE.

Genus 30. OCHTHEBIUS.

Leach, Zool. Miseell. iii. 91 (1817).

Corpus niinutum, elongato-ovatum : prothorace subcordato, plus minusve foveolato : alis amplis.
Antenna 9-articulat;e brcvissimae, articuhs primo et secundo robustis, illo elongate flexuoso, hoc
breviore subovato, tertio gracillimo subspatulato, quarto brevi minutissimo, reliquis clavam
oblongam jjubescentem quinque-artieulatam apicc obtusam efficicntibus. Labrum transvcrsum,
antice leviter euiarginatum cihatum. Mandibutte breves latir, apice fissK, basi membranacea;

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 91

dente trifido armatse. Maxilla bilobfe : lobo externa articulato angusto, apice acutissime
uncinate : interno breviore, ad apicem acuto iuciirvo imcinato, iutus spinuloso ciliato. Palpi
maxiUares \vs. longiusculi, articulo ultimo minuto subulato : lahiales (in tj-picis brevissimi, sed
in specie Maderensi) parum elongati, articulo primo brevissimo, seeundo longissimo btflexuoso,
ultimo brevi subovato. Mentum amplum subquadratum, margine antico rotundato. Ligula
brevis lata, apice vix emarginata. Pedes subnatatorii, robusti, antici breviusculi : femoribus sub-
cylindi'icis : tibiis rectis spinosis, aniicis apicem versus Icviter dilatatis : tarsis baud cibatis,
articulo primo brevissimOj seeundo arete connate, quinto elongato curvato.

The little genus Ochthehhis may be known by its 9-jointed antennae, by its
subcorclate and more or less foveolated protborax, and by its comparatively sbort
maxillary palpi, with tbeir minute, subulated terminal joint. I have not been
able to detect more than a single species in Madeira, \vi. —

72. Ochthebius 4-foveolatus.

O. eloDgato-ovatus nigro-seneus parce pubescens, protborace subcordato canaliculato utrinque linea
longitudinali interrupta, foveolas duas eiSciente, instructo, lateribus rugose inaequaliter impressis,
elj^tris profunde punctatis baud striatis, antennis pedibusque rufo-testaceis.

Long. corp. lin. 1^^.

Ochthehius 4:-foveoJafus, Motsebulsky, in litf.

Habitat jMaderam borealcm, — in rivulo Ribeiro de Sao Jorge dicto, baud procul a Sancta Anna, d. 17
Mai. A.D. 1850 a meipso copiosissime inventus.

O. elongate-ovate, dark feneous, sbining, and very sparingly pubescent ; clotbed beneath with a fine,
white, decumbent pile. Head with two very deep rounded depressions on the forehead. Pro-
thorax subcordate ; with a dorsal channel, and two short, deep, distinct fovese on either side,
placed one over the other as though formed by an interrupted longitudinal line ; rugosely and
deeply impressed towards the lateral margins (a small portion of which behind is transparent and
white), where there are indications of one or two other abbreviated, though irregular fovese.
Elytra coarsely punctured, but not punctate-striated. Legs, antenna and palpi rufo-testaceous.

Clearly the Madeu*an representative of the O. punctatus of more northern lati-
tudes, although with too many distinctive characters of its o^\^l to allow of its
being identified with that species. It differs from it, principally, in its greater
bulk and comparatively broader outline, in its more brassy and less pubescent
svu'face, in its legs being longer and more robust, and in its protborax being
altogether larger and more distinctly foveolated. I have observed it hitherto only
in the north of the island; where, on the 17th of May 1850, I captm-ed it in
the utmost profusion in the Hibeu'o de Sao Jorge, close to the ascent of the old
road to Santa Anna. I have retained the name which was proposed for it by
M. Motsebulsky during his late visit to England.

N 2

92 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Genus 31. CALOBIUS*, WoU. (Tab. II. fig. 7.)

Corpus minutum, gracile, elongatum : cajiite prodiicto ; oculis magnis, valde prominentibus : pro-
thorace subquadrato, postice rotundato : elytris ad apicem pygidium vix tegentibus : alls amplis.
Antenna {II. 7 «) 9-articulat:E brevissimEB, articulis primo et secundo robustisj illo longissimo
bitlexuoso, hoc breviore obpyrit'ormi, tertio gracillimo subspatulato, reliquis clavam paraUelo-
oblongam sex-articulatam apice obtusam efficientibus (quarto transverso brevissimo, intus in
mucronem minutissimum acutissimum producto). Labrum (II. 7 b) maximum durum corneum,
valde porrectum, subquadratum, antice in medio profunde incisum, aut potius bilobum, baud
ciliatum. Mandibula (II. 7 c) breves latissimae, basi mcnibranaceBe, apicem versus internum
denticulatse. Maxilla (II. 7 d) bilobse : lobo externa brevi lato subrecto, apice intus mucronato :
interna paulo longiore graciliore, ad apicem acutissime uncinato, intus in medio setoso-pencillato.
Palpi maxillares articido primo minutissimo, secundo curvato, tertio vix longiore robustiore
subclavato, ultimo minute subulate. Labium totum (II. 7 e) valde imperfectum : palpos et
ligulam detegere baud potui, et nisi fallor omnino obsoleti sunt : patella magna mentiformis,
utrinque in angulum medium acutissimum producta, sola apparet, sed antice est magis tenuis ac
dense ciliata, fitquc inter pilos fortasse partium oris inferiorum rudimeuta lateaut, sed vere abesse
credo. Pedes subnatatorii, elongati gracillimi : femoribus cylindricis : tibiis linearibus, baud
spinosis sed subtilissime pubescentibus : tarsis (II. 7/) baud ciliatis, clongatis, articulo primo
brevissimo, secundo arete connate, quinto longissimo curvato.

A Kokot formosus, et /3to9 vita.

Throughout all the Madeu'an Coleoptera there is no form more truly interesting
than Caloblns, which so completely unites the essential characters of Ochtliebius
and Hydvicna, that, at first sight, it might almost be referred to either of those
groups. In reality, however, it is perhaps more nearly akin to the latter than to
the former, agreeing ^\ith it in its porrectcd, dccply-incised, and unciHated upper
lip, in its long slender legs, and in its antennoe being composed of seven articula-
tions only : but the enormously lengthened maxillary palpi of that genus, with
their large, somewhat thickened, and fusiform terminal joint, are eutu'ely unre-
])r(>seuted in our present insect, which possesses the short and apicaUy-subulated
l)alpi wliich constitute one of the maui distinctive features of OcJdhehius. XeA"er-
theless, whilst it appropriates so many of the most important structural details of
the two genera in question, it offers very decided peculiarities iu which it recedes
from them both, since its short, broad, and mucronated outer maxillary lobe, and
its subelongated and powerfully hooked inner one are exceedingly remarkal)le in
this doi)artmont of the Philhijdrida, in Avhich the maxilla? are not generally so
liighly developed : added to which, its perfectly unfurrowed and posteriorly
roimded protliorax, and its granulated, unpunctured surface give it an unusual
appearance, which we are altogether unaccustomed to in the ordinary modifica-
tions of its immediate allies. And it is worthy of observation that its habits are
as anomalous as its aspect ; for, although many of the Ochthehii and Hydraince, it
is well known, delight in brackish spots, yet I am not aware that any of thcni

* The present genua is written Hahhim in the plate by mistake.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 93

reside in water that is purely salt, — whereas Calobim occurs amongst marine
ConfervcB in the pools formed by the actual sea.

73. Calobius Heeri, WoU. (Tab. II. fig. 7.)

C. gracilis glaber et fere opacus, crebre granulatus, subsenescenti- vel subcuprescenti-niger, pro-
tboracis limbo pellucido et angulis posticis valde rotundatis, elytris obsoletissime substriatis,
antennis tibiisque diluto-testaceis.

Long. Corp. lin. 1.

Habitat Madcram maritimam, mihi non obvius : ad " Gorgulbo," baud procul ab m-be Funchalensi,
inter confervas in staguantibus aquis marinis crescentes, primus detexit cl. Dom. Heer, cujus in
honorem nomen triviale dedi.

C. slender, elongated, glabrous, and almost opake, brownish-black, and with either an seneous or a
slightly coppery tinge. Head and prothorax closely and minutely granulated ; the former a good
deal produced, with the eyes very large and prominent, and with an impression on either side of
the forehead ; the latter subquadrate, being truncated in front and rounded behind, without any
appearance of grooves or sulci, — even the dorsal channel being in most instances imperceptible ;
the extreme margins (anterior, posterior and lateral), especially towards the anterior angles,
transparent. Elytra rather more roughened than the head and prothorax, and (under a high
magnifying power) with a few very minute, distant punctures, disposed in longitudinal rows,
and with the interstices just perceptibly raised. Anteimx exceedingly short and slender, usually
not at all apparent from above; flavescent. Palpi and legs piceous-black,— the latter having the
tibicB, especially the two anterior ones, obscurely flavescent.

It is to Professor Heer that we are indebted for the discovery of this very
interesting little insect, which entirely eluded my own researches in these islands.
It was first detected by him, on the 6th of February 1851, adhering to marine
CoiiferviB in salt-water pools at the Gorgulbo, near Funchal, — in which position it
has been since captui-ed, abundantly, by M. Rousset. I am informed by my friend
Dr. H. Schaum, of Berlin, that it is very closely allied to the Ochthebms quaclri-
collis, Mulsant (Ann. de la Soc. Royal d'Agricult. de Lyon, a.d. 1844, p. 377),
from Corsica and Dalmatia, though specifically distinct ; and that in all probability
the above species will be found, on dissection, to be a true Calobius.

Genus 32. LIMNEBIUS.

Leach, Zool Miscell. iii. 93 (1817).

Corpus minutum, plus minusve ovatum vel ellipticum : prothorace brevi, postice lato : elytris apice
leviter truncatis, pygidium vix tegentibus : alis amplis. Antenna 8-articulat£e brevissimae,
articulis primo et secundo elougatis, tertio, quarto et quinto miuutis, reliquis clavam triarticu-
latam efficientibus. Labrum transversum, antice leviter emarginatum. Mandibula breves lat?e,
apice fissffi. Maxillts bilobse : lobo externa lato, apice dense barbato : interno paulo longiore,
angusto, recto, ad apicem uncinato, intus ciliato. Palpi filiformes, articulo ultimo elongato

94 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

fusiformi-cyliiidrico ; maxillares longissimi ; labiales mediocres. Mentum amplum, transverso-
qnadratum. Lii/ula brevis lata, a])ice fissa. Pedes subuatatorii, robusti, antici brc\'iusculi :
femuribus iihiisqiw corapressis : his curvatis; anticis extus soriato-spinulosis, apicem versus
dilatatis ; posterioribus leviter spinosis, vix ciliatis : tarsis articulo primo brevissimo, secundo
arete connate ; posterioribus ciliatis.

The minute size and somewhat elliptical outline of the Limuebil (which, unlike
Ochtheh'ms and Calob'ms, have their prothorax broadest behind), added to their
8-jointed antennae and their entire freedom from metallic lustre, wdll be sufficient,
— a])art from the distinctive peculiarities of their oral organs, which, although
considerable, are, necessarily, in insects thus small, less easy of observation, — at
once to separate them from the members of the neighbouring groups. In theu-
habits, they prefer stagnant water to streams, residing in shallow pools and ponds,
especially towards the margins, and attaching themselves to stones and decaying
leaves, or whatever other sul)stances chance may place in their way, — the form of
theu' bodies, which are flattened beneath, and arched and polished aboAC, being
eminently adapted for the kind of adhesion which is characteristic of the greater
portion of this department of the Fh'dhydnda.

74. Linmebius grandicoUis, Woll.

L. subclliptico-obovatus niger, minutissime et parce pubescens, subtiliter punctulatus, prothorace

elytrisque obscure pallido-marginatis, antenuis, palpis pedibusque ferrugineis.
Long. Corp. lin. t.

Habitat in aquis Madei"se, vol stagnantibus vel lente fluentibus, — ad Cruzinhas (5000' s. m.), foliis
arborum madidis adhferens, Julio ineunte a.d. 1850 repertus.

Ij. somewhat ovate or elliptical, and rather acuminated posteriorly, black, slightly shining, minutely
and sparingly pubescent, and most delicately but rather closely punctulated. Prothorax large
and broad, being widest behind ; the lateral margins, especially about the hinder angles, dull
rufo-ferruginous ; without any appearance of a dorsal channel. Scutellum rounded and very
minute. Elytra acuminated behind, with the extreme margins very obscui-ely ferruginous.
Legs, antenna and palpi pale ferruginous.

The present insect differs a little from all the European Limncbii which have
hitherto come beneath my notice, and cannot, I think, be consistently referred to
any of them ; its comparatively pubescent and distinctly punctulated upper surface,
its large prothorax, its very minute scutellum, and its much posteriorly-acumi-
nated clvtra combining to indicate what I have but Httlc doubt is an additional
species, — though one Avhich is evidently closely allied to some of the more northern
members of the group. It is extremely rare, — or, at any rate, local, — being appa-
rently confined to lofty altitudes, and to spots more or less diilicult of access.
The only district in fact in which I have observed it is the region of the Cruzinlias
(about 5000 feet above the sea), — where, during July 1850, I captm'ed many

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 95

specimens, adhering to the under sides of decaying leaves, in the small shallow
pools and trickling streams with which those densely wooded uplands everywhere
abound.

Genus 33. LACCOBIUS.

Erichson, Kaf. der Mark Brand, i. 202 (1837).

Corpus parviim, subhemisphaericum : prothorace brevi, postice lato : alis amplis, Antennce S-articulatse
breves, articulo primo longiusculo, secundo breviore crasso, tertio minutissimo, quarto quintoque
latioribus transversis arete connatis (hoc subpoculiformi), reliquis clavam oblongam pubesceatem
triarticulatam efficientibus. Labrum transversum, antice vix emarginatum. Mandibula breves
latse, apice incurvae fissse. Maxilla bilobte : lobo externa lato ovato, apice barbato, ungue minu-
tissimo incurve terminali munito : interno paulo breviore angustiore, intus ad apicem barbato
eiliato, margiue interno membrana instructo. Paljn subfiliformes, articulo ultimo elongato-sub-
ovatoj maxillares longiusculi; labmles mediocres. Mentum amplum, transverso-quadratum,
margine antico rotundato. Ligula brevis lata, apice fissa, aut potius biloba. Pedes su^bnatatorii,
robusti, antici breviusculi : femoribus tibiisque compressis : his spinosis, valde calearatis, baud
ciliatis ; anticis apicem versus leviter dilatatis ; posticis curvatis : tarsis filiformibus elongatis
parce ciliatis, articulo primo brevissimo, secundo arete connato.

Laccobms may be known by the convex and somewhat hemispherical form of
the insects composing it, — which are not only of a much larger size than the
Limnebii, and have their elytra entirely covering their abdomen, but the articula-
tions of their antennae and the lobes of their maxillae are differently constructed
from those of that genus ; their tibiae also (the hinder pair of which are alone
curved) are more powerfully spurred and spinulose, and their tarsi are more
elongated and slender. Erom Hi/drohius (to which, in general aspect, it approaches
nearer than it does to Llmneb'ms), its 8-jointed antennae, the minute terminal claw
with which the outer lobe of its maxillae is furnished, added to its hinder tibiae
being slightly curved, will readily separate it.

75. Laccobius minutus.
Ii. rotundato-ovatus couvexus niger punctulatus, prothoracis lateribus elytrisque pallido-testaceis, his

dense substriato-punctatis et plus minusve, prsesertim in discum, nigro-irroratis, antennis pedi-

busque pallido-ferrugineis.
Long. corp. lin. 1|-1|.

Chrysomela mimita, Linn. Fna Suec. 166 (1761).
Hydvophilus hipunctatus, Fab. ^yst. Eleu. i. 251 (1801).

minutus, G-yll. Ins. Suec. i. 116 (1808).

Laccobius minutus, Erich. Kaf. der Marh Brand, i. 203 (1837).

Habitat Maderam excelsam sylvaticam, in locis similibus ac Limnebius grandicoUis, sed illo multo
frequentior.

L. short-ovate, convex, black (sometimes with a just perceptibly aeneous tinge), and slightly shining.

96 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Head and prothorax densely and minutely punctulated ; the latter with the sides hroadly testaceous.
Ell/Ira closely substriate-punctate (the punctures having generally only a tendency to arrange
themselves in longitudinal rows) ; pale testaceous, and more or less densely mottled, or be-
sprinkled (especially on the disk), with black. Lec/s, palpi and antenna either testaceous or else
very pale ferruginous.

The Madeiran specimens of this common Evu-opean insect differ in being a little
larger and less shining than the ordinary type, and in having the pimctui-es of
their elytra somewhat less distinct and not quite so regularly disposed in striae.
It is decidedly rare, being confined almost exclusively, like the lAmnebius gran-
(JicoUis, to lofty positions Avithin the sylvan districts. I have taken it at the
Ribeiro Frio, in the spring; in the small trickling streams of the Cruzinhas,
adhering to submerged leaves ; and in similar spots at the head of the Eibeii'o
Fundo, on the northern edges of the Fanal, — during July.

Gemis 34. HYDROBIUS.

Leach, Zool MisceU. iii. 93 (1S17).

Corpus vel mediocre, vel (ut in specie Maderensi) parvum, oblongo- vel rotundato-ovale : prothorace
postice lato : mesnsterno carinato : alls (in typicis amplis, scd in specie nostra) obsolctis. An-
tennce 9-articulat:c breves, articulo primo elougato crasso flexuoso, secundo paulo breviore sub-
cylindrico, tertio brevi, quarto quintoquc brevissimis, sexto lato subpoculiformi, reliquis validiori-
bus, clavam magnam oblongam pubescentem triarticulatam efficientibus, ultimo (in typicis vel
acuminato vel oblongo, sed in nostra) globoso. Labrum transversum, antice leviter emarginatum.
MandibuliB breves latie obtectfc, apice incurvre acutie fissa;. Maxilla bOobpe : lobo externa brcvi
lato, apice dense barbato : internu paulo breviore angustiore, intus ad apicem barbato eihato, mar-
gine intemo membrana instructo. Palpi inaxiUares breviusculi robusti, articulo ultimo penultimo
lougiore ; labiates mcdiocres. Mentum amplum, transverso-quadratum, margine antico rotundato
sed ad summum apicem ssepius le\iter emarginato. Ligula lata, apice fissa, aut potius biloba,
lobis rotundatis ciliatis. Pedes subnatatorii, robusti, antici vis breviores : femoribus tibiisqae
subcompressis : his roctis spinosis, valde calcaratis, apicem versus (prjesertim anticis) leviter
dilatatis : tarsis {prxcipue pusteriuribus) parce ciliatis, articulo primo brevissimo, secundo arete
connato.

In addition to minor points of distinction, sufficiently apparent, Hi/drobius may
be known from Laccohins ])y its 9-jointed antenna?, by tlie absence of any indica-
tion of a cui'ved hook to the outer lobe of its maxillye, and by its miiformly
straightened tibise. The minute and suborbicular form of a few of the species
which compose it (represented in Madeira by the only member of the group
which I have hitherto been able to detect) gives them, at fii'st sight, a strong
resemblance to Ch(etorthria, Waterh. (Stcph. ///. Brit. Ent. a.d. 1832 •,= CiiUidh(m,
Erich. Kdf. der Jlar/c Brand, a.d. 1837) ; but the simple sternum of that genus,
added to the slender and very elongated basal, and the short, thick, and globose
second, joints of its antennaj, and the large penultmiate (and small, truncated

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 97

terminal) one of its labial palpi, will be more than sufficient to prevent the possi-
bility of confounding it, on closer examination, with Hydrobius.

76. Hydrobius conglobatus, WoU.

H. subglobosus nitidiusculus niger, minutissime punctulatus, prothoracis lateribus diluto-testaceis,
elytris confertissime et subtilissime granulatis, singulo stri^ suturali postica leviter impresso, ad
marginem anguste, sed ad apicem late testaceis, pedibus rufo-piceis.

Long. corp. lin. 1-li.

Habitat Maderam borealem excelsam sylvaticam, rarissime, — ad summam originem convallis Ribeiro
de Joao Delgada dictje d. 19 Jul. a.d. 1850 a meipso detectus.

H. short, subglobose, black, and slightly shining; regularly punctured above with somewhat distant,
but excessively minute points. Prothorax with the sides broadly testaceous. Elytra with a
very lightly impressed sutural stria on each behind, but none whatsoever in front ; rather less
shining than the prothorax, and, in addition to the punctures (which are not disposed in strife),
most minutely and closely granulated (a sculpture, however, which is only apparent under a high
magnifying power) ; the lateral margins narrowly and obscurely, but the apex broadly, testaceous,
— the junction of the darker and lighter portions being usually somewhat abrupt and oblique,
(the suture also, when the elytra are upraised, appearing sUghtly pale). Wings entirely obsolete.
Palpi and antenna testaceous. Let/s rufo-piceous.

A most distinct and interesting little Hydrohms; and one which, from its
minute size and subglobose body, bears a considerable prima facie resemblance (as
ah-eady stated) to the genus Chcetarthria. Its antennse and trophi however prove
it to be a true Hydrobius : and it would appear to be the Madehan representative
of the common S. globulus of more northern latitudes, — although abundantly
separated from that insect, specifically, in structure, sculptiu'e, and form. Thus,
to say nothing of its behig apterous, it is much shorter, more globose, and less
highly polished than the S. globulus ; the pale apex of its elytra, instead of
shading off gradually and imperceptibly into the darker base, is usually well-
defined and abrupt, terminating ol)liquely at about one-third of the distance from
the extremity ; and the large and deep punctiu-es which are so apparent on the
upper surface of that species are, in the S. conglobatus, far apart and excessively
small ; whUst the elytra are (in addition) most closely and finely granulated, — or,
more strictly perhaps (for it is only beneath a very high magnifying power that it
is perceptible), densely crowded Avith an under-series of most dehcate and minutely
impressed points. This peculiarity of sculpture indeed (although a microscopic
character) is exceedingly remarkable, and one which I do not see developed, to
the same extent, in any other member of the FMlliydrida with which I am
acquainted. From the S. globulus it likewise recedes in the club of its antennae,
which is large and perfoliated, and with the ultimate joint (instead of being
acuminated) exceedingly globose. It is, apparently, of the greatest rarity, and

o

98 IXSECTA MADERENSIA.

confined to high altitudes. The only tlu'ee specimens which I have seen were
captured by myself, on the 19th of July 1850, in the bed of a smaU trickling
stream Avhich issues out of the rocks at the extreme head of the Ribeu'O de Joiio
Delgada.

Genus 35. PHILHYDRUS.

Solier, Ann. Je la Soc. Ent. de France, iii. 315 (1834).

Corpus fere ut in Hydi-obio, sed luajoris magnitudinis et luinus convexum; alls amplis; palpis
maxillaribus longissimis gracilioribus, articulo ultimo penultimo bre^dore.

Fhilhydriis is sometimes regarded as a section of the last genus ; but it 'oould
appear to have as great a claim for isolation as at any rate many other gi'oups
which are universally received. It differs from Sydrobms in the less convex form
of the insects which compose it, and in the much greater length of their maxillary
palpi, — which are slender, and have the terminal joint always shorter than the
penultimate one. In the ^Madeira Islands, moreover, the great disparity of size
between the single representatives of each genus wiU serve additionally to di-
stinguish them.

77. PMLhydrus melanocephalus.
P. ovalis nitidus niger, supra fusco-testaceus, capite posticc nigricanti, prothorace in discum plus
rainusvc obsolete infuscato, clytro singulo stria suturali postica impresso ct plaga parva basali
obscura longe intra huuierum sita nigrcscente ornato, tibiis tarsisque piccscenti-ferrugineis.
Var. /3. supra late nigrescens, limbo solo obscure pallidescenti.
Long. Corp. lin. 2\-^.

Ht/drophilus melanocephalus, Oliv. Ent. iii. 39. 14 (1795).

, GyU. Im. Suec. i. 119 (1808).

Hydrohius melanocephalus, Ericli. Eiif. der Mark Brand, i. 209 (1837).
Philhydrus melanocephalus, Mulsaut, Palp. 137 (IS 14).

Habitat Portum Sanctum : in ri\'ido quodam parvo Ribeiro de Serra de Fora dicto, lapidibus adhae-
rentem, Aprili exeunte a.d. 1848 copiose collegi : iu Madera propria mihi adhuc non obvius.

P. oval, rather convex (though depressed compared with the H. conglobatus), and shining ; most
minutely and closely punctiu'cd all over ; piceous-black. Head with a large subtriaugidar patch
in front of each eye paler. Prothoraa: and elytra brownish-testaceous ; the former generally more
or less obsoletely infuscatcd on its disk, slightly punctured in front of its posterior angles, and
with an impressed point on either side of its disk behind ; the latter with just perceptible indica-
tions (under a high magnifying power) of punctured striic, but with a deep sutural one on each
behind, with a small obscure dash at the extreme base of each, rather nearer to the shoulder than
to the suture, and occasionally a still fainter and more elongated one close to the shoulder itself,
more or less dusky-black. Femora piccous ; tibia, tarsi, palpi and antenna rufo-ferruginous ;
the first two more or less picescent.
Var, fi. with the entire upper disk darkly and broadly infuscatcd, or almost black, — the patches in

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 99

front of the eyes, and the lateral margins of the prothorax and of the elytra (especially the
former) being alone paler.

Found only, so far as I have liitlierto observed, in tlie island of Porto Santo ;
where I captiu"ed it in profusion, during April 1848, adhering to the undersides of
stones in the little stream known as the Ribeu-o de Serra de Pora. It occurs in
nearly aU parts of Europe, and is abundant in Algeria.

Fam. 6. SPH^RIDIAD^.

Genus 36. DACTYLOSTERNUM, WoU. (Tab. III. %. 1.)

Corpus minusculum, oblongum, subdepressum : p7-othorace postice lato : elytris pi'ofunde striatis :
metasterno (III. 1 a) piano, antice in mucronem subsagittatum (III. 1 «*) producto : alis amplis.
Antenna (III. 1 h) 9-articulat8e geniculatje, ante oculos sub margiue capitis iusertse, articulo
prime longissimo ad basin flexuoso, secundo brevi subconico-truncato, tertio, quarto quiutoque
minutissimis, sexto latiore subpoculiformi, reliquis clavam magnam pubescentem elongato-
ovalem triarticulatam efficientibus. Labrum (III. I c) breve transversum, antice emarginatum
et dense ciliatum. MandibuJce (III. 1 d) validse, apice incurvfe acutfe, louge intra apicem
unidentatse et margine interno membranaceo ciliato. Maxilla (III. 1 e) bilobse subcoriacese : lobu
externa brevi lato, apice dense barbato : interno paulo breviore, intus membranaceo, apicem
versus pvibescente. Palpi maxillares longiusculi, articulo secundo robusto subclavato, ultimo
subfusiformi : labiates (III. !_/) e scapis ligulte connatis surgeutes, mediocres. Mentum amplum
transverso-quadratum angulis anticis acutis, margine antico subrotundato sed ad apicem ipsum
leviter bilobo. Liyula lata, profunde biloba, lobis divergentibus pubescentibus. Pedes (III. \g. 1 h)
subfossorii, robusti: femoribus tibiisqae subcompressis ; his parce seriato-spinulosis, valde calcaratis,
apicem versus leviter dilatatis : taisis, ■pr?ese]:tim postez-ioribus (III. 1 A), articulo primo elongato
libero : unguiculis (III. 1 k) simplicibus, subtus ad basin rotundato-ampliatis.

A BdKTv\o<; digitus, et urepvov pectus.

The very anomalous insect for the reception of which I have established the
present genus is perhaps one of the most remarkable of all the Madeu-an Coleo-
ptera. It would appear to constitute a connecting link between Cercyon and
Cijclonotum, agreeing with the fii'st in the subsolid club of its 9-jointed antennte,
and in its deeply punctate- striated elytra ; whilst in its emargmated labrum, in its
transverse-quadrate mentum, and in its simple meso-, and anteriorly produced
meta-stema it assumes to a certain, extent the peculiarities of the second. In its
mandibles however it is central between the two. For one of the most important
characteristics of Cyclonotum is its apically bifid mandibles, — a structm-e which it
possesses in common \Ai\\ the members of the preceding family, the llydropliiUdcp
(to which in fact in many respects it more strictly belongs). In the remainder of
the Sphceridiadce however (a group almost purely, with the exception of Cyclo-
notum, terrestrial) this modification is lost sight of, the mandibles being edentate.
Now, the habits of Dactylostermmi are exactly intermediate between those of

o2

100 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Cyclonotum and Cercyon, since it combines the subaquatic propensities of the one
^vith the stercoraceous tendency of the other ; and hence it is extremely inter-
esting to find an intermediate state of mandible corresponding, as it were, to its
double nature, — for the tooth which, in the former case, by being placed at the
extremity causes the mandibles to be cleft, and by being removed altogether, in
the latter, to be unarmed, being situated so far fi'om the termination in JDactylo-
stermim as to indicate, almost of itself, a tj^oe of form midway between the ex-
tremes. The general aspect of the insect under consideration is that of an enormous
Ccrcyon ; nevertheless, although coinciding Tvdth that genus (as ah-eady stated) in
the detads of its antennae, and in its punctate-striated elji:ra, — it wants, not merely
the edentate mandibles, but Hkewise the entu-e upper lip, the semicircular mentum,
and the simple meso-, and the keeled meta-sterna, the most essential featiu-es of
that group.

It will be perceived, by a reference to the plate, that the anterior metasternal
appendage of oiu- present genus is of a very singular kind ; since it not only differs
from that Avhich exists in Cyclonotum, but from every other corresponding process
with which I am acquainted.

78. Dactylosternum Roussetii, WoU. (Tab. III. fig. l.)

D. oblongum subdeprcssum nitidum nigrum, miuutissime et creberrime punctulatutn, elytris pro-
funde (prsesertim postice) punctato-striatis, antennis pallido-testaceis clava infuscata, palpis
pedibusque rufo-piceis, tarsis prsesertim anticis pallidioribus.

Long. Corp. lin. 2^.

Habitat Maderam australem, mihi non obvium: exemplar unicum, a Rev''° Dom° Lowe munifice
donatum, fere ad hoc tempus solum possedi; sed plui-ima specimina sub lapidibus crastaceisque
vacuis niariiiis in liumidis per Oram Funclialensem maritimam, sed prresertim ad stagna circa
stabula suilla, nupcrrimc detcxit Dom. Rousset, insectorum jMaderensium scrutator, cujus in
honorem speciem stabilivi.

D. oblong, and a little depressed, black, and shining ; most closely and delicately punctulated all
over. Prothorax sometimes narrowly and very indistinctly piceous at the extreme edge of its
front emargination. Scutellum large and triangular. Elytra deeply punctate-striated, especially
behind. Antennae at base pale testaceous, their chtb infuscatcd. Palpi and legs rufo-piceous ;
the tarsi (particularly the two front ones) being a little paler.

The present insect is one which altogether escaped my own observations in the
Madeira Islands. i\jid indeed untU witliin the last few months but a single
example had come beneath my notice, captm-ed many years ago by the late
Dr. Ileinecken, from whose collection it was presented to me by the Rev. 11. T.
Lowe. It is therefore Avith great pleasiu-e that I have just received a large series
from M. Rousset, collected in moist spots on the beach near Funchal, — especially
(as he informs me) in the em})ty shells of crabs, and other marine Crustacea,

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 101

which had accumulated about the pig-sties and sewers, and other such-like filthy
receptacles of the rejectamenta of the town. At the base of the sea-wall at the
Santiago Fort he states that it is exceedingly common.

Genus 37. SPH^RIDIUM.

Fabricius, Si/st. JEleu.i. 92 (1801).

Corpus miuusculum, subhemisplisericum, minus convexum : prothorace postice lato sinuato : ehjtris
fere baud striatis : mesosterno carinato : inetasterno piano, antice baud producto : alls ampbs.
Antenna S-articulatae breviusculse, articulo primo longissimo ad basin flexuoso, secundo brevi
subconico-truncato, tertio quartoque minutissimis, quinto lato brevissimo subpoculiformi, reliquis
clavam maguam pubescentem subperfoliatam elongato-ovalem triarticulatam efficientibus (ultimo
apice oblique truncate). Labrum breve transversum, antice integrum et dense ciliatum. Man-
dibulce validse, apice edentate incurvre, intus membranacese ciliatse. Maxilla bilobje membra-
nacese : lobo externa brevi lato, apice dense barbato : interno angustiore brevissimo, intus
membrana (ad apicem pencillata) instructo. Palpi maxillares lougiusculi, articulo secundo robusto
subclavato: labiales mediocres, articulo ultimo minuto, penultimo majore crasso. Mentum
amplum transverso-subquadratum anguiis anticis rotundatis, margiue antico subrotundato. Lujula
lata, profunde biloba, lobis divergentibus pubescentibus. Peies fossorii, robusti: femoribus
tibiisque compressis ; his valde spinosis et calcaratis, apicem versus dilatatis : tarsis articulo primo
elongato libero, anticis in maribus artieulis quatuor brevissimis, ultimo ad apicem valde uncinato-
ampliato.

Then- 8-jointed antennae, and powerfully spined tibiae, added to the singularly
distorted and hooked terminal joint of their male fore-feet, will at once distinguish
the SphcsricUa from the members of the allied groups. They are larger and less
convex than the representatives of the following genus ; and their elytra are either
altogether unstriated, or else have the strise so excessively obsolete that they may
be practically regarded as such. In their habits they are purely stercoraceous,
not even having, apparently, the subaquatic tendency displayed by some of the
species of Cercyon.

79. Sphseridimn bipustulatum.

S. subhemisph?ericum sub-opacum nigrum, minutissime et crcberrime punctulatum, prothorace
elytrisque angustissime pallido-marginatis, his ad apicem late rufo-testaceis, singulo stria sutiu-ali
postica impresso et macula subhumerali rubescente obsoletissima vix perspicua ornato, pedibus
rufo-ferrugineis.

Long. corp. lin. 2\-2\.

8pli(rridium hipustiiJatum, Fab. Spec. Ins. i. 78 (1781).
Dermesies 4i-7naculatus, Mskm, Ent. Brit. 66 (1802).
Sphceridium marginatum, Heer, Fiia Col. Helv. 488, var. d. (1841).
bipustulatum, Mulsant, Palp. 154, var. B. (1844).

Habitat Maderam, prajsertim infra 2000' s. m., in stercore bovino, toto anno frequens.

102 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

S. hemispherical, black, and somewhat opake; most closely and delicately punctulated all o\er.
Prothorax and ehjtra with their extreme lateral margins narrowly rufo-testaceous ; the latter with
the apex broadly, and more or less brightly rufo-testaceous ; each with an impressed sutural line
behind, and with a most obscure and obsolete patch (generally scarcely perceptible, except when
the elytra are upraised) towards the shoulders rufescent. Legs rufo-ferruginous.

The Macleiran state of tliis common European insect would appear to be that in
which the subhumeral patches of the elytra are aU but evanescent ; since it is only
in very rare instances that they are distinctly perceptible. It is abundant thi-ough-
out Madeii'a, in the dung of cattle, though priacipally at rather low elevations.
Tn the -\-icimty of Fiinchal, and at Santa Anna in the north of the island, I have
o])sorved it very plentifully at most seasons of the year.

Genus 38. CERCYON.

Leach, Zool. Mwcell. iii. 95 (1817).

Corpus parvum, convexum : prnthornce postice lato : eli/tris ])lerumque profunde striatis : mesosterno
carinato : vietasterno \t\-Ano, antice baud producto : «/wamplis. ^H<e7i««'J-articuliitfebreviuscul;e,
articulo ])rimo longissimo ad basin flexuoso, secundo brevi subconico-truncato, tertio, quarto
quintoque minutissimis, sexto latiore subpoculiformi, reliquis clavam magnam pubescentem
subsolidam oblongo-ovalem triarticulatam efficientibus. Luhrum breve transversum, antice
integi-um et dense ciliatum. Mandibulte valid.T, apice edentata; incurvae, intus membranaccfe
ciUatse. Maxilla bilobse membranacese : lobo externa brevi lato, apice dense barbato : interna
angustiore brcvissimo, intus membranil (ad apicem pencilhita) iustructo. Palpi maxillares
longiusculi graciles, articulo secundo robuslo subclavato : lahiales mediocres. Meittum amplum
semicircularc. Liijula lata, profunde biloba, lobis divergentibus pubescentibus. Pedes fossorii,
robusti : femoribus tibiisqnc compressis ; his seriato-spinulosis, apicem versus (pi-asertim poste-
rioribus) dilatatis : tarsis (prsesertim posterioribus) articulo primo elongate libcro.

Cercyon may be readily known fi-om SphcericUum by the smaller and convexer
l)odies of the insects which compose it, by theii' more or less deeply striated elytra,
by theii' less powerfully spiued tibia3, and by the somewhat more solid club of
their 9-jointcd antenntx;. ^Mthough ty|)ically stercoraccous, some of the species
have a decidedly subaquatic tendency, residing amongst moss and decaying
vegetable matter in marshy spots, and at the edges of ponds, — into the mud and
refuse of which their powerful tibiae enable them to bm-row \nth considerable
dexterity. It is a genus more particularly abundant in northern and temperate
latitudes. Like the Homalotcc however, and many of the smaller dimg-iiifestmg
Brachclytra, the Cercya are constantly liable to become naturalized thi'ough the
agency of cattle ; and I think it far from improbable that two at least, out of the
four Madeiran representatives, may have been originally introduced into the
island, either from south-western Europe or else fi'om England.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 103

80. Cercyon inquinatum, WbU.
C. i-otundato-oblongum convexum nigrum nitidissimum, prothorace plus minusve subpicescenti, elytris

profunde subcrenato-striatis, pedibus rufo-fen-ugineis.
Long. Corp. lin. 1t-1|.

Habitat Maderam australem, a Dom. Rousset ab ovk Funchalensi maritima nuper communicatum.

C. roundisli-oblong, convex, black, and exceedingly shining ; most delicately, but not veiy closely
punctulated all over (the punctures appearing, under the microscope, smaller and more remote
than those of any of the other species). Prothorax more or less perceptibly picescent, especially
at the margins. Elytra deeply crenate- (scarcely punctate-) striated, particularly behind ; and
^^•ith slight indications of a cm-ved, or lunate, portion a little behind the apex, and common to
both, dull rufescent or infuscate. Antmnm at base, and the jialpi, rufo-testaceous ; the former
with the club (which is more elongated than in the other species) infuscate. Legs rufo-
ferraginous, or rufo-piceous.

An exceedingly distinct species, and one which may be readily known fi-om the
rest of the Cercya here described by its larger, somewhat rounder, and more highly
poHshed body, by its elj^tra being more evidently cme«ife-striated, and by the
comparatively elongated club of its antennje. It 'is moreover of a darker hue,—
the tendency of its prothorax to become picescent being at times so slight as to
be scarcely perceptible; whilst the obscui-e sublimate portion, or patch, towards the
apex of its elytra is, likewise, occasionally nearly obsolete. It is an insect which
entii-ely escaped my own observations in the Madeu-a Islands, the only specimens
which I have seen having been lately commimicated by M. Eousset, who captui-ed
them on the sea-beach at Eunchal. It recedes from all the Em-opean members of
the genus with which I am acquainted, but is more aUied perhaps to the common
C.flavipes than to any other;— fi-om which nevertheless its differently colovu-ed,
less punctiu-ed, and more shining surface, added to its crenate-striated elytra, wUl
be sufficient, apart from minor characteristics, at once to remove it.

81. Cercyon fimetarium, Woll.
C. obovatum (postice acuminatum) convexum nigrum subnitidum distincte punctulatum, elytris

profunde punctato-striatis ad apicem late testaceis, pedibus pallido-ferrugineis.
Long, corp.liu. 1.

Habitat Maderam, in stercore bovino ubique vulgaris, ab ora maritime fere ad cacumina montium
ascendens.

C. obovate (being somewhat acuminated behind), convex, black, and but slightly shining ; rather
closely and distinctly punctulated all over. Pruthorax concolorous, the margins having no
tendency to be paler. Ebjtra deeply punctate-striated ; with the apex, and more or less of the
lateral edges, broadly and brightly testaceous. Antenna at base, and the palpi testaceous ; the
former with the club, and the latter more or less in parts, infuscate. Legs pale ferruginous.

104 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Known from the last by its diminished Ijulk, and by the broadly and distinctly
paler terminal portion of its elytra; whilst its posteriorly-acuminated, more
deeply punctured, and less shining body, and its entu'ely dark prothorax will at
once separate it from the whole of the genus with which we have here to do. It
is somewhat allied to the common Eiu-opean C. ancde, — from which however its
smaller size, much more coarsely sculptured siu-face, and its very brightly testa-
ceous hinder apex will readily remove it. It is pretty generally distributed
tlu'oughout Madeira, occurrmg, in the dung of cattle, in nearly all parts of the
island. I have observed it in the neighboiu-hood of Eunchal, as also at Santa
Anna and Sfio Vincente, dm'ing the summer months ; and in the lofty region of
the Cruzinhas Ln July.

82. Cercyon centrimaculatum.
C. subrotundato-oblongum subconvexum nigrum nitidum, prothoracis lateribus elytrisque diluto-
testaceis, his subpunctato-stiiatis macula magna postmcdia communi infuscata plus miuusve
suiFusa ornatis, pedibus rufo-ferrugineis.
Var. /3. prothoracc elytrisque diluto-testaceis, illo in discum solum obscure ini'uscato, horum
macula postmedia communi fere obsoleta, pedibus pallidioribus.
Long. Corp. lin. |-],

S])h<sridiwm centrimaculatum, Sturm, Deutsch. Fna, ii. 23 (1807).

pygmcstim, Gryll. Ins. Suec. i. 104, var. h. (1808).

Cercyon centrimaculatum, Erich. Kiif. der Mark Brand, i. 218 (1837).
, Mulsant, Palp. 169 (1844).

Habitat Maderam, in iisdem locis ac prsecedens sed illo multo copiosior.

C. short and oblong, but not quite so much rounded as the C. inquinatum, and somewhat less convex
than cither of the foregoing species ; black or piceous-blaek, and shining ; closely and delicately
punctulated all over. Prothorax with the lateral edges narrowly testaceous. Elytra sub-
punctate-striated ; dull testaceous, and with a large, usually ill-defined and suffused, postmedial
fascia or cloud, eonunon to both, infuscate. AntenntP, palpi and legs as in the last species.
Vnr. /3. with the prothorax and elytra dull diluted-testaeeous ; the former having only an obscui-e
cloud on the disk infuscate, and the postmedial patch of the latter being almost obsolete. Limbs
altogether a little paler.

The smallest and by far the most abundant of the Madeiran Cercya. It is of
an exceedingly variable hue ; nevertheless the most essential featm-e which it
possesses, namely the liinder fascia or cloud Avith Avliich its elytra are adorned, is
more or less expressed throughout aU its varieties, and wall serve to distinguish it
from the remainder of the genus here described. The paler state (which I liave
indicated as var. /3) is to a certain extent the result of immatm-ity ; 'nhilst the
extreme darker ones, especially when they happen to be below the average in size,
approach at iii-st sight to the common C. pygmcBum of more northern latitudes.
Even such specimens as these however, — that is to say, where the postmedial

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 105

patch is so largely developed as to cover nearly the whole of the elytra,— a small
erubescent portion at the base (which in the C. pygmcevm, a species pale only
behind, does not exist) is sufficient to point out the law of colouring, and thus,
independently of minor cUfferences, to cUstiuguish them from that insect. It
occm-s in most parts of Madeira, and at aU seasons of the year. In the vicinity of
Funchal, and at Santa Anna in the north of the island, I have observed it in
great profusion ; as also on the edges of the Paul da Serra. It is found through-
out the whole of Europe, and is recorded by Mulsant as having been brought
even from South America.

83. Cercyon quisquUium.
C. oblongum subconvexum nigrum nitidum, prothoracis lateribus elytrisque flavis, his subpuactato-

striatis, pedibus rufo-ferrugiueis.
Long. Corp. lin. 1-1^.

ScarabcBus quisquilius, Linn. Fiia Suec. 138 (1761).
SjplKBridium imipunctattim, var. 'Eah.Hnt. Syst. i. 82 (1792).
Cercyon quisquUium, Stepb. III. Brit. Eiit. u. 153. <j (1829).
, Miilsaut, Palj}. 166 (1811-).

Habitat in stercore bovino Maderae Portilsque Sancti, vulgaris: circa Funchal interdum abiindat,
etiam in ipsa m-be occurrens qua tempore sereno per aerem volare sEepissime videatur.

C. oblong, and about as convex as the last species, black, and shining ; closely and deUcately punctu-
lated all over. Prothorax with the extreme lateral edges dull testaceous, or fen-uginous. Elytra
subpunctate-striated; bright testaceous-yellow. Antenna, palpi, and leys as in the last species,
except that the first two are rather more darkly infuscated in parts.

Readily known from the last two species by its rather larger bulk ; and from aU
the Cerci/a here described by the colour of its elytra, which are uniformly of a pale
testaceous or yeUow hue. The common C.wivpmictatus, L., is supposed by some ento-
mologists to be the female of the present insect : but, if such is the case, it is at least
remarkable that I should not have detected that sex in the Madeii-a Islands, where
the present one is extremely abvmdant. A jn-iori therefore, I shoidd rather be
inclined to agree with Mulsant in considering them as distinct. It occurs plenti-
fully in most parts of Madeira, in the dung of cattle, my own specimens being
principaUy from the neighbourhood of Funchal, Santa Anna, and from the upland
district of the Fanal. In Porto Santo it is equaUy common. It is universal
throughout Europe and the north of Africa,— from the former of which it has
probably been introduced into these islands.

lOG INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Sectio IV. NECROPHAGA.
Fam. 7. SILPHID^.

Gemis 39. CATOPS.
PaykuU, Fna Suec. i. 342 (1798).

Corpus minusculum, plus minusve ovatum, subtilissime pubescens : prothorace magno convexo, basi
lato, angulis posticis acutis : alis amplis. Antenna capitis prothoracisque longitudine, apicem
versus leviter incrassatae, articulo octavo contigiiis paulo minore, ultimo ad apicem ipsum acuto.
Labrum transversum, antice leviter emarginatum. Mandibulce cornc;e acutae, apicem versus
unidentatfc. Maxilla bilobse : lobo externa lineari, apice truncato : interno paulo breviore, ungue
cornco terminali munito. Palpi maxillares articulo ultimo conico acuminato : labiales breves,
articulo ultimo ovato. Mentum transverso-quadratum. Ligula profunde biloba. Pedes elongati
graciles : fciiioribus anticis in maribus interdum dente obscuro obtuso subtus armatis : tarsis
anticis in maribus articulis tribus subdilatatis.

A single member of the present genus is the only representative of the entire
SilphklcB wliich I have hitherto been able to detect in the Madeira Islands.
Strictly spcaldug, it falls under Ftomophagiis of lUiger ; but the distinctive
characteristics of that group are so trifling, — depending almost exclusively on
the shorter antennae, the more acute hinder prothoracic angles, and the less
evidently striated elytra of the insects which compose it, — that they can scarcely
be regarded, at the utmost, as of more than sectional importance. In theu* habits,
the species of Cotops arc exceedingly active, and reside, for the most part, beneath
decaying vegetable substances, and stones ia damp, sylvan spots.

84. Catops velox.

C. obovatus fuscus, prothorace diluto-ferrugineo, elytris plus minusve nigrescentibus, singulo stria

suturali impresso, antennarum basi pedibusque ferrugineis.
Long. Corp. lin. H.

Ckoleva velox, Spence, Linn. Trans, xi. 154 (1809).
Ptomophagus velox, Steph. ///. Brit. Ent. iii. 6 (1830).
Catops velox, Erich. Kaf. der Mark Brand, i. 243 (1837).

Habitat in Madera sylvatica excclsii, rarissime; — ad Ribeiro Frio sub stipitibus madidis propc
marginem aqufc ductus " Lcvada " Lusitanice dicti jacentibus tempore veruali captus.

C. obovate (being rather acuminated behind), obscure rusty-brown (when immature, almost ferru-
ginous), very slightly shining, and densely clothed throughout with a minute yellowish pile.
Prol/wrax dull ferruginous, and very convex. Elytra darker than the prothorax, and generally
a little darker than the head also, — being more or less of a blackish-brown ; each with a deeply

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 107

impressed stria near the suture. Antemue very slightly incrassated towards their apex ; their basal
joints and the legs ferruginous.

A common European insect, but apparently of the greatest rarity in Madeii-a,
the only two indigenous examples which I have seen having been captiu'ed by
myself at the edges of the Levada of the Eil^eiro Frio, during the early spring.
They differ in no respect from the ordinary type, except that their antennse are
perhaps just perceptibly longer, and somewhat less incrassated at their apex.

Fam. 8. PTILIAD-Sl.

Genus 40. ACRATRICHIS.

Motsehulsky, Bull, de la Soc. Imp. de Moscou, xxi. 569 (1848).

Corpus minutissimum, latum, punctatissimum, pubescens : prothorace maximo convexo, basi plerumque
latissimo, angulis posticis plus minusve produetis : ehjtris subdepressis, apice truncatis : meso-
sterno carinato, scutello maximo : abdomine ex segmentis ventralibus sex composito : alls
amplissimis lanceolatis, pilis longissimis instructis. AntenncB rectae capillares pilosse, articulis
primo et secuudo robustissimis subquadratis, tertio ad octavum graciUbus latitudine eequalibus,
reliquis sensim crassiores, clavam laxam valde elongatam triarticulatam efficientibus. Lahrum
amplum porrectum subtriaugulare. Mandibula acut?e, intus bidentatse. Maxilla biloboe mem-
branacese : lobo externo elongato, intus crenulato : interna breviore angustiore, intus ciliato.
Palpi maxillai-es articulo penultimo maximo lato subpyriformi, ultimo minutissimo aciculari :
labiates biarticulatl gracillimi, ad apicem ligulfe inserti. Me/iium angustum transversum.
Ligula elongata, apice fissa, basi paraglossis aucta. Pedes valde cursorii, graciles : coxis posticis
laminatis distantibus : tarsis 3-articulatis, articido ultimo elongato.

The excessive minuteness of the insects comprehended luider the Ptiliada; wdll
at once distinguish them from the members of every other family. The entire
group indeed is one of the most isolated and best defined within the whole range
of the Coleoptera, its unique characters of -uing and foot being of themselves
sufficient to remove it from every other department. Nor are its oral organs
less remarkable, theii* singularly developed paraglossse and palpi displaying modi-
fications of structm'e exceedingly anomalous. It is under the appellation of
Trlchopteryx (proposed by Kirby, for the SilpJia minutissima of Marsham, in
1828*, and first defined, by Stephens, in 1830) that the present genus is usually
recognised. That title however hai-ing been preoccupied in the Lepidoptera, by
Hubner, in 1816, it is clear that (whether afterwards retained or not) it cannot
strictly be employed in another Order ; and hence it was that Motsehulsky in 1848
published the name of Acratnchis instead, — which ought therefore, in accordance
with the laws of priority, to be received. "When their microscopic dunensions are
considered, the species of Acratrichis may be regarded as amongst the most active

* Vide Int. to Ent. iii. -il, — note.

P 2

108 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

of the whole annual kingdom, the velocity with which they run heing perfectly
prodigious. Like Catops, they delight in moist and shady spots, occurring imder
dead leaves, logs of wood, and other rotting sulistances of a vegetable nature ; as
weU as at the roots of grass, and amongst moss, in damp localities beneath trees.

85. Acratrichis vunbricola, WoU.

A. obovata lata valde pubescens fusco-nigra subopaca, protborace amplissimo elytris latiorc, sub-
picescenti, angulis posticis dilutioribus et valdissime productis, antennis pedibusque palbdo-
testaceis.

Long. Corp. lin. \.

Habitat in montibus Maderae, sub foliis arborum madidis, — prope lacum crateriformem Lagoa dictum,
in regione Fanalensi, d. 12 Jid. a.u. 1850 parcissime lecta.

A. broad, and obovate (being mucb wider in front tbau behind), brownish-black, and with a just
perceptibly yellowish or aeneous tinge; closely punctured, subopake, and exceedingly pubescent.
PrutJiorax very large, and wide (especially behind), surpassing the elytra in breadth; convex,
and usually rather more fuscous, or picescent than the rest of the surface ; with its posterior
angles much produced, and (together with its extreme basal edge) somewhat flavescent. Elytra
short and wide, with their hinder margin a little paler. Antennce and legs pale-testaceous ; the
former rather long.

A large and well-marked Acratrichis, somewhat approaching to the A. grandi-
collis and the A. atomaria of more northern latitudes : nevertheless it differs from
both of those species in its superior size, in its wider (though proportionably
shorter) form, in its very pale legs and antennae, and in its greatly developed and
somewhat picescent prothorax, — which, at its base, far exceeds the el}i:ra in
breadth. It is apparently extremely rare, and confined to lofty sylvan spots where
tlie constantly accumulating leaves are in a state of perpetual decay. In such
localities I have taken it, diu'iiig July, in the upland region of the Fanal (more
than 5000 feet above the sea), especially at the edges of the rovmd crater-Uke basin,
known as the Lagoa, immediately before the descent of the mountain-road to the
Ribeiro da Janella and Porto Moniz.

86. Acratrichis fascicvdaris.
A. oblongo-ovata pubescens nigra nitida, prothorace amplo ad basin elytris paulo latiore, angulis

posticis valde productis, antennis infuscatis, pedibus testaceis.
Long. corp. Hn. \.

Latridius fascicularis, Herbst, Kaf. v. 8. t. 44. f. 7 (1793).
Tricliopteryx fascicularu, Heer, Fna Col. Helv. i. 374 (1841).
graiuUcolUs, Erich. Xat. der Ins. Deutsch. iii. 20 (1848).

Habitat Maderam, sub stercore foliisque arborum marcidis, sestate minus frequens.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 109

A. smaller than the A. umbricola, and more oblong (being neither so wide in front nor so acuminated
behind), and, likewise, of a deeper black ; a little more coarsely punctured and shining, but not
nearly so pubescent. Prothurax large, but not so greatly developed as that of the last species,
and only slightly exceeding, behind, the base of the elytra in breadth ; convex, and concolorous
with the rest of the surface ; with its posterior angles produced, but not so much so as those of
the A. umbricola, and apparently not at all flavescent, though the extreme basal edge in that par-
ticular region is just perceptibly paler. Elytra with their hinder margin a little paler. An-
tenncE shorter and darker than those of the last species, being infuscate. Legs testaceous.

I can perceive no real distinctions between the present AcratricMs and the
common European A. fasclciilaris ; though it is due to my friend M. Motschulsky
to state that he was able to detect some minute difference (unappreciable by myself)
sufficient, as he supposed, to separate it from that iusect, — and hence the specific
title of brevicornis was proposed for it by him. An accurate measurement how-
ever will show that its antennse are not in reality shorter than those of the ordi-
nary A. fascicularis ; and, rather therefore than incur the risk of multiplying
names unnecessarily in these microscopic tribes, I prefer ascribing it to that
species, especially since I cannot, myself, discover any characters important enough
to warrant its removal from it.

87. AcratricMs pumila.
A. ovato-oblonga pubescens nigra subnitida, prothorace elytrorum latitudine subsequali, angulis

posticis leviter productis, antennis fusco-piceis, pedibus testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. ^-|.

Ftiliwm sericans, Schupp. in litt,

Trichopteryx sericans, G-illm. in Sturm, Deutsch. Fna, xvii. 52 {nee Heer, 1841) (1845).

pumila, Erich. Nat. der Ins. DeutscTi. iii. 22 (1848).

Acratricliis fumila. Mots. Hull, de la Soc. Imp. de il/bscoi«, xxi. 568 (1848).

Habitat Maderam, et borealem et australem, ad radices graminum vel sub foliis arborum marcidis,
infra 3000' s. m. ubique vulgaris.

A. the smallest of the three species, and more oblong than either of the others, being of almost equal
breadth before and behind, — though, if anything, rather more expanded posteriorly than in front ;
deep black; rather distinctly punctured and pubescent, but not quite so shining as the A. fas-
cicularis. Prothorax less developed than in either of the other species, being scarcely perceptibly
broader behind than the base of the elytra ; less convex than in either of the other species ; and
entirely concolorous with the rest of the surface ; and with its posterior angles very much less
produced. Elytra with their hinder margin a little paler. Antenna and legs as in the A. fasci-
cularis ; except that the former are a little more darkly infuscated, or picescent, and have their
apical joint rather more acuminated.

The smallest of the Madeiran FtiUadce ; and I believe I do not err in referring
it to the A. ]}umila of Erichson. It may be readily kno-mi from the other two
species of the present genus by its more oljlong and narrower outline, and by its

110 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

liindor pvothoracic angles being scarcely at all produced*. It is an abundant insect
througliout Madeira, l)elo\v the altitude of al)Out 3000 feet, during the summer
and autumnal months, — occui'ring principally at the roots of grass, and beneath
leaves and other decajdng vegetable substances. In the vicinity of Funchal, and
also at Santa Anna, I have observed it at times in great profusion.

Genus 41. PTENIDIUM.

Erichson, JVo^ der Lis. Deutsch. iii. .Si (1848).

Corpvis minutissimum, ovale, convexiusculum, nitidissimuru, subglabrum : prothorace lateribus rotun-
datis, antice et postice subfequaliter angustato, angulis posticis plus minusve rotundatis : ebjtris
apice iiitegris subacuminatis : mesosterno vix carinato, scutello magno : abdomine ex scgmentis
ventralibus septem composito : alis amplissimis lanceolatis, pilis longissimis instructis. Instru-
menta cibaria fere ut in Acratrichi. Pedes valde cursorii, graciles : coxis posticis simplicibus
distantibus : tarsis 3-articulatis, articulo ultimo elongate.

The present group may be known from the previous one by the more oval, con-
vex, and polished bodies of the minute insects which compose it, — the ehi;ra of
which cover the whole of their abdomen, instead of being (as in Acndrichis)
aln'uptly truncated behind. Theii' upper siu'face, moreover, is almost entirely free
from punctures and pubescence, and theii' prothorax (instead of being dilated) is
constricted at its base, Tvith the posterior angles more or less rounded and obtuse.
In their habits, the species are similar to the members of the last genus.

88. Ptenidium apicale.
P. oblongo-ovale convexum subglabnim nigrum nitidissimum remote punctatum, prothoracis angulis

posticis lateribusquc rotundatis, clytris apicem versus late flavescentibus, antcnuis pedibusque

pallido-testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. |.

Ptilium apicale, Stunii, in Utt.

Trichopteryx apicalis, Grillm. in Sturm, Deutsch. Fna, xvii. 85 (1845).

Ptenidium apicale, Erich. Nat. der Ins. Deutsch. iii. 3G (1848).

Habitat Maderam, ad radices graminum, vel sub lapidibus foliisque arborum marcidis toto anno
vulgaris : ctiam in ins. Deserta Grandi occui'rit, qua Maio exeunte, a.d. 1850 pauca specimina
cepi.

* Tlie present Aci-atrichis varies the eightli of a line iu length, and a little in outline, according to the
altitude and cLrcimistauces imder which it is found, but it retains the same characters of coloiu-, scul])-
ture, and pubescence throughout, — as 1 have been able to ascertain from the examination of a very large
series of specimens collected from .ill parts of the island. I should mention however that it was separated
into three species by ^l. ^rotj^chulsky, two of them being considered as new. for which he proposed the
names of nigricornis and ovatula; whilst the third (dcj)eudiug on a single indixidual, without a head) he
identified with the minutissima of Linna>us. In my opinion, however, they are all referable to one ; and
T am inclined to think that the common A. pumila la the species to which they must be assigned.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. Ill

P. oblong-oval, convex, and exceedingly highly polished; deep black; remotely punctured and very
sparingly pubescent. Prothorax rounded at the sides, being broadest a little behind the middle
and narrowed at its extreme base ; the posterior angles rounded. Elytra with the punctures
more perceptible than those on the prothorax ; broadly flavesccnt towards their apex, — though
more or less distinctly so in different specimens. AntenruB and legs pale testaceous.

The only Ftenidium* , apparently, in the Madeira Islands ; and exceedingly
ahundant below the elevation of about 3000 feet. It resides principally at the
roots of grass and beneath fallen leaves, under which circumstances I have
captured it in. the utmost profusion in the Chestnut-woods at Santa Anna, and
in the dense forest region of the Lombo dos Pecegueiros, during the summer
months. On the southei'u side of the island it is equally common ; and it may
be often observed in gardens about Funchal. In that of the Rev. R. T. Lowe, at
the Levada, I have taken it in great abundance ; as also on the Pico do Cardo,
from under stones beneath the Tir-trees : and even, though more sparingly, on
the Dezerta Grande.

Fam. 9. PHALACRIDJl.

Genus 42. OLIBRUS. (Tab. II. fig. 9.)

Erichsou, Nat. der Ins. Beutsch. iii. 113 (1848).

Corpus minusculum, obovatum vel ellipticum, convexum, nitidissimum, glabrum : prothurace postice
lato : alis amplis. Antenna (II. 9 a) breviusculse, articulis primo et secundo (illo prsecipue)
crassis, tertio longiore graciliore, quarto ad octavum paulatim brevioribus sed latitudine vix
crescentibus, reliquis clavam magnam laxam oblongam triarticulatam efficientibus. Lnbrum
breve transversum, antice integrum ciliatuui. Mandibula (II. 9 6) validte incurvse, apice fortiter
bidentatse, intus basin versus membrana instructae. Maxilla (II. 9 c) bilobfe membranacese :
lobo externo longiusculo lato, apice dense barbato : interno brevi angusto pencillato. Palpi
maxillares (II. 9 c) breviusculi filiformes, articulo ultimo elongato-ovato : labiates (II. 9 d) breves,
sat robusti, articulo ultimo acuminato. Mentuni amplum transverso-quadratum membranaceum.

* I cannot observe the slightest diflerence in any of the Madeiran specimens of this insect which I
have hitherto examined : nevertheless M. Motschulsky, since his late visit to England, has distributed
my series under three species, bearing the names of P. punctatvm, Gyll., elongatulum. Mots., and atoma-
roides, Mots. After a careful comparison however of the whole of them beneath the microscope, and
a consideration of the circimistances imder which they were taken, anything like specific distinctions
appear to me to be simply imaginary, since I am unable to detect so much as a single aberration out of
the entire number of sufficient importance to be regarded as even a variety. I have consequently
sunk them : and I believe that they are more correctly referred to the P. apicale, Stimn, than to any
other member of the genus. From the P. punctatum they diiier {vide Gyll. Ins. Suec. iv. 29.3, and
Stiurm's Beutsch. Fna, xvii. 8-1) in having the apex of their elytra always flavescent, and their punctiu-es
less apparent, — those moreover on the prothorax being the faintest and exceedingly few in niunber :
whereas in that insect the pimctm-es are described as being numerous, and more deeply impressed on the
prothorax than on the elytra. The prothorax also of the P. punctatum is of a different form.

112 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

anticc Icviter angustatum ct temiissimuin, utrinquc in lobum medium lateralem productum. Ligula
lata biloba, lobis rotundatis ciliatis. Pedes cursorii, subgraciles : femoribus libusque compressis,
his apice lenter spinulosis ct calcariis internis sat distinctis munitis : tarsis (II. 9 e. 9/. 9^)
articulo tertio bilobo, quarto minutissimo ; posticis (II. 9 e) elongatis, articulo secundo longiusculo.

Olibrus was established by Ericbson, in 1848, m. order to contain those members
of Phalacrus which had the terminal joint of their maxillaiy palpi slightly robuster
than is the case with the ordinary representatives of the group, their tibial spurs
distinctor, and their two hinder tarsi somewhat more produced, and ■nith the
second articulation the longest. To these characters however I think the con-
struction of the mentiun should certainly be added, since, if my observations be
correct, it is the most invariable, and therefore the most important, feature which
the several species possess. Thus, in all the Olibri which I have dissected it is
narrowed anteriorly (where it is extremely thin and membranaceous), and has the
sides produced, about the middle, into a large rounded lobe ; whereas in the true
Phalacri it is broader in front than behind, truncated at the apex, and altogether
more transverse and of a thicker textm-c. In fact, with the exception of the
peculiarity of their mentum, it seems to me that the Olibri, as defined by Erich-
son, are apt to merge almost imperceptibly (especially as regards the spines of
theu- tibia?) into the normal Fhalacri, — of which the common Em-opean P. coruscns
is supposed to be the type : and it is far from improbable moreover that in some
of the forms an intermediate state of mentum may exist likewise, — in which case
none of the elements of Olibrus can be considered as sufficiently constant to be of
more than sectional significance. They are insects which are subject to con-
siderable instability, both in size and colour, and are consequently in many
instances extremely difiicult to determine, specifically. There are few genera
indeed amongst the entire Coleoptera in which an extensive series of examples
is more positively required in order to investigate the species aright, and to
discover tlie boundaries between which some of them would appear to range.
They are almost exclusively of flower-infesting habits ; and rim with the utmost
agility. They are excessively gregarious, and may usually therefore be taken in
large numbers where they exist at aU.

89. OUbnis Cmerariae, Woll (Tab. II. fig. 9.)
O. subrotundato-obovatus subviridescenti-niger nitidus, capite prothoraceque rufo-testaceis, elytris

substriatis ad apicem testaceis, singuli striis duabus suturam versus reliquis paulo distinctioribus,

antennis pedibusque testaceis.
Long. coq). lin. I^.

Habitat florcs Cineraria aurita { = Senecionis Maderensis, De Cand.) in rupibus Maderse crescentis,
proosertira per partem sylvaticam aestate, rarissimus : ad Cruzinhas est paulo copiosior, qua Julio
incunte a.d. 1850 plurima speciniina collcgi.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 113

O. roundisli- ovate (being but very slightly wider in front than behind), convex, shining, and black, —
with a just distinguishable greenish tinge. Head and prothorax bright rufo-testaceous. Elytra
obscurely substriated, the striae (as in the other species) vanishing in front, the two on each
which are nearest the suture being more distinct than the rest : their apex more or less pale
testaceous. Antenna and legs testaceous, or rufo-testaceous, — being usually only a shade paler
than the head and prothorax.

A large and most elegant OUbms, and at once distinguislied by its compara-
tively hemispheric form, by its bright rufo-testaceous head and prothorax, and by
its deep black elytra, — which have a just perceptibly greenish tinge on their
sui'face, and of which the extreme apex is alone pale. It is apparently exceedingly
rare, or at any rate local, occurring principally at high elevations, and in remote
spots, within the sylvan districts. It would seem to be confined to the flowers of
the Cineraria aurita, the j^m-ple clusters of wliich are so conspicuous on the damp
perpendicular rocks of lofty altitudes. I have captiu-ed it, sparingly, near the
head of the Ribeu'o de Santa Luzia in May ; and, more abundantly, in the upland
region of the Cruzinhas, diu'ing Jvily.

90. Olibrus bicolor.
O, obovatus subsenescenti-nigropiceus nitidissimus, elytris substriatis, apicem versus obscui'e diluto-

rufescentibus, singuli striis duabus suturam versus distinctioribus, antennis pedibusque subdiluto-

testaceis.
Long. corp. lin. 1^-1|^.

Splusridium bicolor, Fab. Iltit. Si/st. i. 82 (1792).
Fhalacrus bicolor, Sturm, Deutsch. Mia, ii. 77 (1807).

, Gvll. Ins. Suee. iii. 431 (1813).

Olibrus bicolor, Erich. Mit. der Ins. Deutsch. iii. 116 (1848).

Habitat in floribus Maderaj, bine inde, tempore vernali, vidgatissimus.

O. obovate (being distinctly wider in front than behind), convex, exceedingly brilUantly polished, and
more or less of a dark rufo-piceous, or piceous-black hue, — with a very perceptibly seneous tinge.
Elytra obscm-ely substriated, the two striae on each nearest to the suture being alone tolerably
distinct : more or less obscurely, and very gradually dull brownish-rufescent, or somewhat chest-
nut, towards the apex. Antenna and legs dull testaceous.

There can be no doubt but that the present insect and the following one ap-
proach each other very closely, and it is not Avithout hesitation that I have treated
them as separate. For some time indeed I had considered them to be but modi-
fications of the O. bicolor ; nevertheless a careful comparison of a very large series
of specimens has subsequently induced me to believe that they are truly distinct,
since there is no difficulty whatsoever in discriminating them in a general way,
even though it is equally certain that about two examples out of every forty which
I have examined are doubtful, and might apparently be referred to either. StiU,

Q

114 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

the normal states are so clearly expressed that I cannot regard these occasional
links as more than exceptional varieties from either side, and Avhich Avould fall as
unmistakeahly into their proper spheres as any of the remainder, were we better
able to grasp their exact characteristics, and to appreciate small shades of differ-
ence which are not the less real because obscure. Nor must we forget that in our
ignorance of even the nature of " species," so called, we may sometimes err in
attempting to define too rigidly the boimdaries of theii- attributes ; for, whilst, as
a matter of com-se, we must unquestionably assume them to be absolutely micon-
nected (that is to say, to have descended from common parents, — each of their
pecidiar kind), yet it is difficult to assert positively that creatures which in out-
ward points are thus intimately allied are of necessity so opposite in their endow-
ments that they may not now and then intermix, and produce those very aberra-
tions (all)eit perhaps not able, themselves, to perpetuate their race) which we are
apt to lay hold of, even when occm-riug thus sparingly, to destroy the specific
claims of the insects which have accidentally given them bii-th. And I shoidd
frequently, therefore, be inclined to look upon such-like media as lapsus natures
rather than as connective, — at any rate where they are only of rare exiwrience and
exist between forms the limits of wliich are other^-ise clear and unambiguous.
With these few remarks, which I have somewhat prolonged, as likely to apply in
instances besides the present one, it will be sufficient to add that the O. bicolor
(which, if my identification of it be correct, would appear to attain a rather larger
size in Madeira than the ordinary type) may be distinguished, for the most part,
from the following species, not merely by its superior bidk, but by its less poste-
riorly-aciuninated outline, l)y its usually just perceptibly darker and less brassy
hue, and by its legs and antenna? being, almost invariably, both of a more diluted
testaceous tinge and (proportionably) a trifle longer. It is an abundant insect,
diu'ing the spring and smnmer months, in certain parts of Madeira, at rather low
and intermediate elevations. In May of 18i9, wliUst encamped in the Eibeii-o de
Santa Luzia with the Rev. 11. T. Lowe, I captiu-cd it in the utmost profusion from
amonsrst the loni? cjrass and flowers immediatelv outside my tent, — and in com-
pany with the O. Uquidus, which thus, at all events, cannot be a local variety of it.

91. Olibnis Hquidus.

O. obovatus postice paulo magis acuminatus, subjeuesccnti-uigropiceus uitidissinius, clytris sub-
striatis, apicem versus diluto-rufescentibus, singuli striis duabus suturam versus distinctioribus,
antennis pedibusque testaceis, illis breviusculis.

Long. Corp. lin. -f^-l^.

Plialacnis ovaiiis, llott'iii. in mm.

Olibrus Uquidus, Erich. Nat. der Ins. Deutsch. iii. 117 (1848).

Habitat Maderam, in locis similibus ac 0. bicolor, uua cum illo degens.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 115

O. similar to the last species, but smaller and of more variable stature, a little narrower in proportion,
and rather more acuminated behind, also, for the most part, with a little more perceptibly brassy
tinge. Elytra as in the O. bicolor, but generally a little paler, or more brightly chestnut,
posteriorly. Antennm and legs testaceous, being a shade paler than those of that insect.

The cUstinctions between the present insect and the last have been ah*eady fully
pointed out, not only under that species, but likewise in the above comparative
diagnosis. It is equally abundant, occui-ring on flowers and amongst grass, and
usually in company with it. I believe it to be correctly referred to the O. Uquidus
of Erichson, with the description of which it appears to agree sufficiently well.

92. Olibrus consimilis.
O. rotundato-oblongus infuscato-rufopiceus nitidissimus, elytris apicem versus late testaceis, singulo

stria suturali valde profunda impresso, antennis pedibusque testaceis, illis breviusculis.
Long. corp. lin. 1-1|.

Dermestes consimilis, Mshm, Eiit. Brit. i. 75 (1802).
Phalcicrus geminus, Illig. in Panz. Krit. Mev. i. 27 (1805).

testaceus, Gyll. Ins. Siiec. iii. 432 (1813).

Olihrus gemmus, Erich. Nat. der Ins. Deutscli. iii. 120 (1848).

Habitat in graminosis Maderse, rarissimus : tria specimina adhuc vidi, unum sc. ad summam originem
convallis Kibeiro de Santa Luzia dictse Maio exeunte a.d. 1849, et duo ad Lombo dos Pecegueiros
mense Julio a.d. 1850, a meipso reperta.

O. roundish-oblong (being but very shghtly wider in front than behind, but neither quite so broad
nor so rounded as the O. Cinei-aria), not quite so convex as any of the other species, exceedingly
brilliantly polished, and of a pale, brownish-rufopiceous hue. Elytra almost unstriated, with the
exception of a single, very deeply impressed sutural stria on each : their apex broadly and
brightly testaceous. Antenrus and legs, also, testaceous : the former rather short.

A most abundant European insect, but apparently extremely rare in Madeira,
which in all probability is one of its most southern stations. During my constant
researches in all parts of the island I have hitherto taken but three specimens ; —
one in 18i9 in the Ribeno de Santa Luzia, and two at the Lombo dos Pecegueiros
in July 1850. It may be readily known from the rest of the Olibri here described
by its pale fusco-piceous hue, by its short and comparatively oblong form, by its
rather abbreviated antennge, and by the single deep stria with which each of its
elytra are impressed close to the suture.

Fam. 10. NITIDULIDiE.

Genus 43. CARPOPHILUS.

(Leach) Steph. III. Brit. Ent. iii. 50 (1830).

Corpus minusculum, phis minusve subcylindi-ico-oblongum : prothorace subquadrato convexo : elytris

Q2

116 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

abbreviatis, apice truncatis : alts amplis. Antenna breves, articulo primo magno crasso, secundo
ct tertio longioribus et (hoc praecipue) graeilioribus, quarto ad octaviim minutis latitudine
paulatim vix crescentibus, reliquis capitulum magnum solidum orbiculato-ovatum triarticulatum
efficicntibus. Labrum semicirculare ciliatum, antice fisso-emarginatum. Mandibula valida;,
apice bidentatse. Maxillm lobo singulo pubescenti instructaj. Palpi liliformes, articulo ultimo
elougato, ill maxillaribus subacuininato, in labialibus crassiorc ovato-truncato. Mentiim trans-
verso-quadratum, antice angustatum. Ligula apice biloba, lobis divergentibus pubescentibus.
Pedes subcontractiles : tarsis articulo quarto minutissiino.

Apart from the modifications of its trophi, which may be gathered from the
above diagnosis, but which differ however but slightly from those of the neigh-
l)ouring genera, Carpopliilus may be known by its abbreviated elytra and its more
cjuadratc prothorax, — which last is usually convex throughout, instead of having
the margins flattened or recurved, as is more or less the case in Xifidida proper.
It is a genus which subsists mainly on articles of commerce, especially sugar and
cb'ied fruits ; and hence, as might be expected, is widely distributed over the
world, follo^\•ing everjT^here in the track of man. The species are often very
abimdant on board ship ; and in all probability the three Madeiran representatives
have been imported into the island from other coimtries, being found either in
Fuuchal itself, or in houses where merchandise is stowed away, in its immediate
vicinity.

93. Carpophilus mutilatus.

C. subcylindrico-oblongus nifo-ferrugincus pubescens, prothoracc magno subquadrato, elytris vix

jiallidioribus, abdomine supra ct infra subfuscescente.

Jjong. corp, lin. 1§.

mtidula hemiptem, Fab. {nee Llnu. 1767) Ent. Si/st. i. 261 (1792).

Ca)popkilus mutilatus, (Hoffiu. in mus.) Erich. Germ. Zeitsch. fiir die Ent. iv. 258 (18i3).

Habitat in domibus Maderfc, prsesertim propc Funchal, minus frequens ; in ipsd urbe mercatorum
repositoriis frequentior, forsan ex Americse meridionalis insulis illuc saccharinis introductus.

C oblong, somewhat parallel and subcylindric ; punctured, rufo-ferruginous, and clothed with paler
pubescence. Prothorax large and subquadrate, being almost as broad before as behind. Be-
neath with the meso- and meta-thoraces and the abdomen (the last above as well as below)
slightly darker. Elytra a little paler than the remainder of the surface.

Evidently imported into IMadeu-a ; occm-ring on the waUs of houses in and near
•Fimchal, though nowhere abundantly. In granaries and warehouses, however, it
is less scarce, where it Avoidd appear to feed more especially on sugar and dried
fruits, in company with the C. hemlpterus. It is foimd under similar circmn-
stanccs in the south of Europe, — where it is recorded in Spain, Portugal and
Sicily : I also possess specimens from Italy. It was ^\Tongly referred by Ea-
bricius to the Dermestes hemipterus of Linntcus, which is a totally different insect,
as may be seen from tbe diagnosis given below ; and hence it is that tlie name of

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 117

mntilatus (fli'st proposed by HoflFniansegg for a specimen from Portugal) was
retained by Erichson for the present species.

94. CarpopMlus am'opilosus, WoU.

C. oblongus fusco-niger pubescens, prothorace magno subquadi-ato convexo, antennis pedibusque

ferrugineis.
Long. Corp. lin. It.

Habitat urbem Funchalensem, unde exemplar unicum Dom. Kousset nuper misit.

C. oblong, punctured, black mtli a slight bro-miish tinge, and densely clotbed ^\'itb pale yeDowish
pubescence. Prothorax large, convex and subquadi-ate, being nearly as broad before as behind.
Elytra with the extreme apical margin a little infuscate. Mouth, legs and antenna ferruginous,
the last with their club somewhat dusky.

Distinguished from the C. nmtilatus and the C. hemij^terus by its somewhat
smaller size and uniformly dark hue, — its antennae and legs, added to the golden
pubescence wdth which it is clothed, being alone pale. The only specimen which
I have seen was lately communicated to me by M. Rousset, by whom it was
captm-ed in the ^-icinity of Funchal. Like the other Madeiran CarjwjiMli, it is
probably an introduced insect : nevertheless, not having been able to identify it
with any known species, I have been compelled to describe it as new.

95. CarpopMlus hemipterus.
C. subovato-oblongus nigro-fuscus pubescens, prothorace minus quadi-ato, elytro singulo maculis

duabus, una sc. humerali sinuata et altera apicali magna, flavis interdum confluentibus ornato,

antennarum basi pedibusque testaceis.
Long. corp. lin. lA-lf.

Dermestes liemipterus, Linn. Sysf. Nat. ii. 567 (1767).
Nitidula himaculata, Oliv. Ent. ii. 12. 6 (1790).

, GyU. Ins. Suec. i. 244 (1808).

Carp(^hilus hemipterus, Sturm, Deutsch. Fna, sv. 36 (1844).
. , Erich. Nat. der Ins. Beutsch. iii. 135 (1848).

Habitat Maderam, cum C. mutilato sed illo multo copiosior.

C. oblong-ovate, punctured, blackish-brown, or black, and clothed with a yellowish pubescence.
Prothorax large, but somewhat transverse, being a httle narrower before than behind, and with
the margins occasionally slightly paler than the disk. Elytra rather shorter than in either of
the preceding species, with two zigzag patches on each, — viz. a small one at the shoulder, and a
large one occupying more or less of the entire apical half, — pale yellow ; the latter sometimes so
broad as to be almost confluent with the former. Mouth, base of antenna and legs testaceous.

Found in company with the C. nmtilatus, but much more plentifully : amongst

118 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

di'icd figs I have observed it occasionally ia the greatest profusion. It is common
tlirougliout Em-ope and in Algeria, but was, originally, in all probability, a native
of a colder climate than the C. mutilatus, since the latter has not been able, ap-
parently, to establish itseK in northern Europe, whereas the present insect occou-s
in equal abimdance both in the north and the south.

Genus 44. NITIDULA.
Fabricius, Syst. Ent. 77 (1775).

Corpus minusculum, plus minusve depressum et laete coloratum : prothorace in discum subconvexo, ad
latera plerumquc complanato necnon ssepius subrecurvo : elytris apice truncatis, pj'gidium vix
tcgcntibus : alls amplis. Antenna bre\iusculffi, articulo primo magno crasso, secundo ad octavum
multo gracilioribus (tertio ssepe reliquis lougiore graciliore), reliquis capitulum maguum subsoli-
dum orbiculato-ovatum triarticulatum efficientibus. Lahrum antice ciliatum. Mandibula valida;,
apice bidentatffi. Maxilla lobo singula pubescenti instructse. Palpi filiformes. Mentum trans-
verso-subquadratum, antice vel leviter emarginatum vel productum. Ligula apice biloba, lobis
magnis pubescentibus. Pedes subcoutractiles : tibiis extus integris : tarsis articulo quarto minu-
tissimo, anticis articulis tribus saepius dilatatis.

The Nitiditlce, subdivided by Erichson, as I camiot but believe, into too many
genera, may, apart from the distinctive characters of theii* oral organs (which will
be gathered from the above diagnosis), be usually recognised from theii- allies by
their comparatively depressed bodies, and by the more or less flattened edges of
their prothorax. In their economy they are midway between Carjiophilus and
MeUgethes, combining the ossiphagous, or almost omnivorous, propensities of the
former -ttdth the flower-infesting habits of the latter. And, since we have such
opposite modes of life indicated in the same genus, we find, as would natm-aUy be
cKpected, insects of intermediate tendencies likewise, — which are perhaps the
most numerous, and may be considered as constituting the normal members of the
group. Such species reside between chippings of wood or under the bark of trees,
feeding on decaying vegetable matter, more particularly in spots where recent
womids have caused the sap to exude and the bark to have become loose. Of
the fom" representatives however which I have hitherto detected in the ]Madeii'a
Islands, tkree belong to the ossiphagous, and one only to the strictly subcortical
division : and it is more than probalile indeed that the former may have been
accidentally imported from more northern latitudes, since they do not appear to
exist at aU in the uncultivated regions, but merely in the A-icinity of the to-mas, —
positions in which they would be the more easily naturalized, from the constant
supply of theii- proper food with which such localities must necessarily abound.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 119

§ I. Labrum transversum, antice leviter emarginatum : ^alpi articulo ultimo subammiinato : mentum antice
plus minusve productum, (Nitidula et Omosita, Ericli^. Habitant prsecipue in cadaveribus.

96. Nitidula flexuosa.

N. lato-oblonga depressa subfusco-nigra, protborace antice vix emarginato, lateribus testaceis ciliatis,
el3ftris macula media communi abbreviata necnon plaga magna (postice dentat^) ad humeruni
singuli sita pallido-testaceis ornatis, antennarum basi pedibusque testaceis.

Long. Corp. lin. li-2|.

Nitidula flexuosa, Oliv. Ent. ii. 12. 7 (1790).

, Fab. Ent. Sysf. i. 258 (1792).

, Heer, Fna Col. Relv. 397 (1841).

• , Erich. Nat. der Ins. Beutseh. iii. 159 (1818).

Habitat in cadaveribus Portus Sancti, tempore biberno et vernali non infrequens.

N. broad and oblong, depressed, dull brownisb- or piceous-black, most minutely punctulated, and
pubescent. Prothorax very slightly emarginated, or arcuated, in front ; large and wide, rounded
at the sides, and broadest a little behind the middle ; the lateral edges testaceous, and fringed
with a fine silken pubescence. Elytra with a transverse abbreviated central patch, common to
both, and a large flexuose (posteriorly ragged) portion at the shoulder of each (usually enclosing
a minute isolated one within its concavity) pale testaceous. Antenna at base and the legs testa-
ceous ; the former with their club infuscate.

Owing probably to its habits, which, would favour its dissemination over the
civilized countries of the world, the present large and beautiful Nitidula is an
insect of very wide geographical range. It occurs (though scarcely in such
abundance as some of the allied species) thi-oughout the greater portion of Eiu-oj^e
and the north of Africa ; and it has been even received from Syria, and other parts
of Asia. Hitherto I have not observed it in Madeira proper, but only in the
island of Porto Santo, where, during December of 1848, I captui'ed it in great
profusion, adliering to the dried skeleton of a goat, on the edges of the Campo
de Baxo, to the westward of the Cidade.

97. Nitidula 4-pustiilata.

N. angusto-suboblonga fusco-nigra, prothorace convexo antice vix emarginato, lateribus ciliatis, elytro
singulo maculis duabus, una sc. subrotundata longe intra humerum sita necnon altera majore
oblonga obliqua postmedia, testaceis ornato, antennarum basi pedibusque ferrugineis.

Long. corp. lin. 1-1^.

Nitidula i-pustulata, Fab. Ent. Sgsf. i. 255 (1792).

, ULig. Mag. fur Ins. i. 88 (1801).

■ , Heer, Fna Col. Relv. 401 (1841).

, Erich. Nat. der Ins. Deufsch. iii. 160 (1848).

Habitat jNIaderam, et borealem et australem, tempore hiberno et vernali, passim, — etiam m hortis
Funchalensibus interdum abundans.

120 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

N. narrow and nearly oblong, less depressed than the last species, brownish-blaek, most minutely
punctulated, and pubescent. Prutlwrax scarcely at all cmarginated in front (being even less so
than in the A^. flexuosa), narrower in proportion than that of the last species, and straighter at
the sides ; the lateral edges fringed with a fine silken pubescence. Elytra with a small roundish
patch a long way within the humeral angle of each, and a larger, oblique and somewhat oblong
one a little behind their respective disks, testaceous. Antenna at base and the legs ferruginous ;
the former with their club infuscate.

In all probability an imported insect into Madeira, occm-ring principally in the
immediate vicinity of Funchal, — especially in gardens, where it may be often
captured adhering to bones. I have however taken it, likewise, in the north of
the island, at Santa Anna, though more sparingly. It occui-s throughout the
greater portion of Europe, but is not usually so abundant as the N. discoidea.

98. Nitidula discoidea.
N. liito-suboblonga nigra, prothorace antice profunde emarginato, insequali, pone discum bifoveolato,

limbo plus minusve fcrruginco, elytris in discum latissime testaceis, antennis pedibusque infus-

cato-ferrugincis.
Long. corp. lin. 1^-lj-

Nitidula discoidea, Fab. Ent. Si/st. 78 (1775).

, Elig. Kaf. Pre«s.3Sl (1798).

— , GyU. Ins. Suec. i. 219 (1808).

, Heer, Fna Col. Heh. 398 (1841).

Omosita , Erich. Nat. der Ins. Deiitseh. iii. 168 (1848).

Habitat in ossibus prope Funchal, una cum praicedente degens sed ilia rarior.

N. broad and oblong, a little more convex on the disk than either of the preceding species, black,
rather coarsely punctulated (especially on the prothorax), and somewhat sparingly pubescent.
Prothorax deeply cmarginated in front, short and transverse, the entire margins (especially about
the anterior angles) more or less dusky ferruginous ; its sui-face uneven, being considerably
flattened and a little recurved at the sides, and with two short rounded foveje behind the centre
of the disk. Elytra with a large, ragged, pale testaceous blotch, common to both, upon the
disk, — leaving only the margins, the apical portion, and a few broken lines or spots within the
paler region, black. Antenna and legs brownish-feiTuginous.

One of the coimuonest European Nitidulcc, and, like the N. '^-jmstulata, pro-
bably natm-alizcd in Madeira, where it is apparently exceedingly scarce. I have
taken it from out of bones in the neighbourhood of Funchal, during the whiter
and spring, but have not as yet observed it in any other portion of the island.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 121

§ II. Labrum semicirculare, antice anguste fisso-emarginatum : palpi articulo ultimo in maxillarihus suh-
ovato, in lahialihus crassiore subrotundato-triincato : mentum antice leviter einarginatmn. (Epurasa,
Srich.) Habitant pleniinque sub cortice arborum vel etiam in floribus.

99. Nitidula obsoleta,
N. oblonga depressa diluto-testacea, in discum plus minusve subinfuscata, prothorace antice profunde
emarginato, elytro singulo maculis duabus obsoletissimis vix observandis pallidioribus ornato^
antennarum basi pedibusque testaceis.

Variat colore omnino pallido-testaceo.
Long. Corp. lin. 1^-li.

Nitidula obsoleta, Eab. Ent. Sgst. i. 256 (1792).

, Gyll. Lis. Suec. i. 223 (1808).

, Hear, Fna Col. Helv. 398 (1841).

Epurcea , Erich. Nat. der Ins. Detitsch. iii. 148 (1848).

Habitat Maderam sylvaticam, sub cortice arborum truncisque recenter sectis, tempore vernali et
sestivo, rarissima : ad Ribeiro Frio necnon in Madera boreali, in castanetis Sanctse Annse, bine
inde observavi.

N. oblong, depressed, testaceous, minutely punctidated and pubescent. Prothorax very deeply
eniargined in front (being ratber more so than even that of the last species), rather straightened
at the sides, and broadest a little behind the middle ; the disk generally slightly infuscated.
Elytra, likewise, a bttle darker on the disk ; and each with an exceedingly obscure (sometimes
scarcely perceptible) patch behind the centre of its disk, and another (still obscurer) about the
region of the shoulder, paler. Antenna and legs usually of a rather paler testaceous shade than
the rest of the surface ; the former with their club inf uscate.

Likewise a common European insect, but exceedingly rare in Madeii^a, being
found sparingly tliroughout the sylvan districts beneath the bark and chippings
of trees, or adhering to the under sides of recently felled trunks. I have taken it,
during the summer months, at the Ribeiro Frio and in the Chestnut-woods of
Santa Anna ; as also at the head of the Ribeiro de Santa Luzia, during my
encampment there with the Rev. R. T. Lowe, in May 1819.

Genus 45. PRIA.

(Kirby) Steph. III. Brit. Ent. iii. 49 (1830).

Corpus minusculum, subconvexum : prothorace leviter marginato : ehjti'is apice truncatis, pygidium
totum vix tegentibus : alis amplis. Antenna, prsecipue in maribus, longiusculoe, clava mascula
4-articulata laxa subserrata (articulis octavo, nono et decimo intus productis), clava fceminea
3-articulata solidiore. Labrum prominulum, antice ciliatum et profunde bilobum. Mandibulte
validpe, apice denticulatse, basi latissimse. Maxilla lobo singulo brevi pubescenti instructse.
Palpi filiformes, articulo ultimo subacumiuato-truncato. Mentum subquadi'atum antice angus-
tatum, summo apice emarginato. Ligula apice biloba, lobis angustis divergentibus pubescentibus.

E.

122 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Pedes contractiles : tibiis anticis atl marginem externum minutissitue spinulosis : tarsis articulo
quarto minutissimo, anticis articulis tribus dilatatis.

Of the present genus but a single species has been hitherto discovered, namely
the Luria Dulcaynarce of Scopoli, — for the male of which (supposed erroneously to
be distinct from the female) the group was originally proposed. It is on account
of the structure of its antennae that the mistake as regards the sexes appears to
have arisen, — those of the male being the longest, and having their clul) com-
posed of four loosely-attached and (with the exception of the apical one) internally-
produced joints, whereas in tlie female it is subsoHd and merely triarticulate.
Such characters as these are of cotirse sufficient, evjen of themselves, to separate
Tria from the allied forms ; and we need only therefore add that it would seem,
externally, to constitute somewhat of a connecting link between Nitidula and
3Ieligethes, its partially pale surface and submargined prothorax leading us very
gradually from the variegated and flattened bodies of the former to the darker
and convexer ones of the latter, — to which in its flower-infesting habits however it
is the more nearly allied.

100. Pria Dulcamarae.

P. oblonga iiifuscato-ferruginea, regione scutellari, pectore, abdomine antennarumque clava plus

minusve nigrescentibus, antennarum basi pedibusque diluto-testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. f-1.

Laria Duleamarce, Scop. £nt. Cam. 22 (1763).

NitiduU Dulcamara, III. Kaf. Preus. 387 (1798).

Silpha truncatella, Mshni, Ent. Brit. i. 123 (1802).

Pria trimcatella et MeUgethcs DulcamarcB, Steph. ///. Brit. Ent. iii. 45 et 50 (1830).

DulcamarcB, Stiu'in, Deutsch. Fna, xv. 127 (1814).

Habitat in tloribus jMadcra;, tempore vcmali et sestivo, non infrequens : ab hortis Funchalensibus fere
ad summos montes ascendit, sed in locis intermediis (e. g. castanetis Sanctae Annse) pi-secipue
abundat.

P. oblong, slightly convex, brownish-ferruginous, or testaceous-brown, minutely punctulated and
pubescent. Prothoraa: subquadrate. The region of the scutellum, the breast, the abdomen, and
the antenna at apex more or less dark, or nigrescent. The last at base, and the legs diluted-
testaceous.

A \videly distributed insect over Europe, but apparently somewhat scarce in
Madeira ; — occiu'ring however sparingly in most pai-ts of the island, and at nearly
all elevations. I have taken it from out of flowers in the gardens aroimd Fimchal,
in INIay, — especially in that of the Rev. R. T. Lowe at the Levada ; as also in the
Chestnut-woods of Santa Anna, more abimdantly, in Jime ; and in the upland
region of the Cruzinhas (nearly 5000 feet above the sea), dui-ing July.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 123

Genus 46. MELIGETHES.

(Kirby) Steph. Ill Brit. Ent. iii. 45 (1830).

Corpus minusculum, convexum, colore ssepius obscuro vel submetallico : prothorace vix marginctto :
ebjtris apice truncatis, pygidium totum \{x tegentibus : alls amplis. Antenrue breviusculse,
articulis primo et secundo (illo praecipue) magnis crassis, tertio reliquis longiore graciliore, inde
ad octavum paulatim brevioribus crassioribus, reliquis capitulum magnum subsolidum orbiculato-
ovatum triarticulatum efficientibus. Labrum antice ciliatum et profunde bilobum. Mandibula
valida;, apice denticulatpe, basi latse. Maxilla lobo singulo elongate pubescenti instructse. Palpi
subfiliformes, articulo ultimo subacuminato-truncato. Mentum transversum antice angustatum,
summo apice emarginato. Ligula apice biloba, lobis magnis pubescentibus. Pedes contractiles :
tibiis (prjesertim anticis) ad marginem externum sfepius spinulosis : tarsis articulo quarto minu-
tissimo, anticis articulis tribus dilatatis.

Ileligethes, altliougli differing but slightly in real stritcture from the neigh-
bouring genera, has nevertheless, as may be gathered from the above diagnosis,
small distinctive features of its own (amongst which the elongated lobe of its
maxillge should be especially noticed) even in the details of its oral organs. In
its deeply bilobed upper lip and in the truncated apex of its labial palpi it coin-
cides with Pria ; whilst, on the other hand, its transverse mentum and the short-
ness of its antennae would tend to strengthen its relation with Nitidula. Exter-
nally, however, there is but little fear of confounding the species which compose it
with those of any of the neighboui'ing groups, their convex and usually darkly
coloui'ed bodies, which are generally either entirely black or else ornamented with
a slightly metallic tinge, in conjunction with the comparatively unmargitied
edges of their prothorax, at once serving, even prima facie, to identify them. Of
the four Madeu-an representatives which I have hitherto succeeded in detecting,
two would appear to be undescribed, and are probably peculiar to these islands.

101. Meligethes Isoplexidis, Woll.
M. oblongo-ovatus subdepressus niger longe olivaceo-pubescens, elytris ad apicem magis abbreviatis,
antennis pedibusque infuscato-ferragineis, tibiis anticis apicem versus subdilatatis atque extus
valde pectinato-serratis.
Var. /3. subcyanescenti-niger et cinereo-pubescens, prothorace paulo latiore, antennis pedibusque
pallidioribus.
Long. Corp. lin. li-H.

Habitat Maderam, in floribus necnon super folia Isoplexidis Sceptri, ad rupes locis editioribus
nascentis, sestate baud infrequens : ad Feijaa de Corte mense Augusto inwnte a.d. 1850
utrumque sexum (in copula) copiosissime cepi.

M. oblong-ovate, somewhat acuminated before and behind, comparatively depressed, black, finely and
closely punctulated, and densely clothed with a long, and rather robust, olivaceous (sometimes
nearly golden-yellow) pubescence. Prothorax subquadrate. Elytra more truncated behind than

R 2

124 INSECTA MADERENSIA,

is the case with any of the following species, exposing the pygidiura, which is usuallv somewhat
acuminated. AnienruB and leys dull brownish- or picco-fciTuginous : the former with their base
a little paler: the latter with their fore-tibia shghtly dilated towards the apex, and with the outer
edge very powerfully serrated, — ha\ing usually about nine large teeth (diminishing in size), and
about six more (very minute ones) which extend to the extreme base.
Var. /3. with a slightly bluish tinge, and ■nnth the pubescence on the upper surface cinereous
(instead of olivaceous) : the prothorax rather larger and broader than in the ordinary type ; and
the legs and antenrue somewhat paler.

A large and distinct 3Ieligethes, and one wliich may be readily known from the
rest of the genus here described, not only by its anteriorly and posteriorly sub-
acuminated outline, and by its more abbreviated elytra, but likemse by the dense
olivaceous, or almost golden pubescence wdth Avhich its uj)per sui'face is clothed,
and by the structure of its fore-tibiae, wliich are more powerfully serrated than in
any of the other species, and have nine exceedingly robust (though unequal) teeth
on the apical half of their outer edge, and about six or seven extremely minute
ones extending to its base. I have as yet only detected it on the flowers and
foliage of the Isoplexis Sceptriim, where, during the summer months, it would
appear to l)e far from uncommon at intermediate and lofty altitudes in the momi-
tains of Madeira, — although, from the precipitous and almost inaccessible nature
of the rocks on which that magnificent plant prmcipally fioiu'ishes, it is usually a
somewhat difficult insect to obtain. On the abrupt declivities at the Feijaa de
C6rte, and in the remote adjoining ravine of the Ribeu-o da Quebrada, I took it in
great a])undance, at the Ijeguining of August 1850. Of the var. /3. but a single
specimen has liitherto come beneath my observation, — captiu'ed, by myself, at the
extreme head of the Ribeiro de Joao Delgada during July of the same year.

102. MeUgethes tristis.

M. oblongus subconvexus niger cinereo-pubescens, autennarum basi vix conspicue pallidiore, tibiis

anticis sublinearibus, extus pectinato-serratis.
Long. Corp. lin. 1-1^.

Nitidula tristis, Schupp. in litt.

Meligethes tristis, Sturm, Deutsch. Fna, xvi. 40. t. 309. f. a. A, h (1845).

, Erich. Nat. der Ins. Betitsch. iii. 190 (1848).

, Eodt. Fna Aiistr. 1G9 (184.9).

Habitat insulas iladercnses, tempore vernali in floribus ubique vulgaris : in Portu Sancto necuon in
ins. Descrta; Grandis abundat : " Funchal in rosis," teste Dom. Heer.

M. ahnost oblong, rather narrower and convexer than the last species, black, finely and closely punc-
tulated, and densely clothed with a delicate cinereous pubescence, — which has sometimes a
slightly yellowish tinge. Prothorax subquadratc. Antemue at base only just perceptibly paler
than the rest of the surface. The legs with their fore-tibite comparatively linear, being less
dilated, or extemally rounded, towards the apex than is the case in any of the other species, and

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 125

with the outer edge powerfully serrated, — haWng usually six large teeth (of unequal sizes), and
about five more (very minute ones) which extend nearly to, although gradually diminishing at,
the base.

The present Mellgethes may be at once known from the other species with
which we are here concerned by its smaller size and ahnost entirely black hue (the
basal portion of its antennse being alone just perceptibly paler than the rest of the
surface), as well as by the structure of its comparatively linear fore-tibise, — which
have six very powerful teeth along the apical half of theu- outer edge, and about
five or six other, very minute, ones gradually diminishing towards their' base.
The relative proportions of the teeth are not precisely the same as those which are
figured in Sturm's Deutschlands Fauna, but tyjncal specimens of the M. tristis
which I have received from Berlin agree sufl&ciently well with the Madeiran
insect as to leave but little doubt, in my ot\ti mind, that the two are specifically
coincident. It is extremely abimdant throughout most of the islands of the group,
occurring in flowers during the sj)ring and early summer months. In the imme-
diate vicinity of Punchal, especially towards the upper extremity of the Ribeiro de
Santa Luzia, I have at times observed it in the greatest profusion : and in Porto
Santo and on the Dezerta Grande it is scarcely less common.

103. Meligethes picipes.
M. subrotundato-oblongus convexus niger cinereo-pubescens, antennis pedibusque anticis fusco-

picescentibus, posterioribus fere nigris, tibiis anticis ante medium dilatatis, extus subtiliter

serratis.
Long. corp. lin. 1^.

Meligethes picipes, Sturm, Deutsch. Fna, xvi. 47. t. 310. f. a, A, b (1845).

, Erich. Nat. der Ins. Deutsch. iii. 199 (1848).

, E^dt. Fna Austr. 170 (1849).

Habitat in floribus Maderse, una cum M. t)istl degens, vulgatissimus.

M. roundish-oblong, being a little broader and convexer (and, on the average, a trifle larger) than the
M. tristis, deep black, finely and closely punctulated, and clothed (more or less) with a delicate
cinereous pubescence. Prothorax just perceptibly more transverse than that of the last species.
Antenna and the two fore-legs dark brownish-ferruginous, or picescent ; the four hinder legs
being always of a darker tinge, and generally nearly black : the fore-tibia considerably dilated a
little before the middle, and with the outer edge very finely sen-ated along its entire length, — the
teeth which are situated on the broadest portion being slightly larger than the rest.

Like the last, a common European Meligethes. It may be kno^\Ti from the
other Madeiran species by its colom- being almost entu'ely black A\ith the excep-
tion of its front-legs and antennae, which (although sometimes obscui-ely so) are
always paler than the two hinder pair. It is, at first sight, very closely allied to

126 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

the M. tristis, Avith which it is usually found in comjiany ; nevertheless, the j^oints
just enumerated, in conjunction with its slightly larger size, its comparatively
broader and convexer form, its somewhat less pubescent el)i;ra, and the more
rounded and finely serrated external edge of its fore-tibise, ^ill, on examination,
readily separate it from that insect. It is abundant throughout Madeira, at nearly
all altitvules below about iOOO feet, occurring on flowers, for the most part in com-
pany ■with the M. tristis, during the spring and early summer months. In the
neighbourhood of Funchal, in the Ribeiro de Santa Luzia, in the north of the
island (at Santa Anna), and in the district of the Ribeiro Frio I have observed it
in considerable profusion.

104. MeUgethes varicollis, WoU.

M. subrotundato-oblongus convexus Beneo-viridis subcinereo-pubescens et profundius punctulatus,
antennis pedibusque ferrugineis, tibiis anticis ante medium dilatatis, extus subtiliter serratis.
Var. /3. (an sexualis distinctio ?) prothoracis lateribus, anteunis pedibusque testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. 1^-1 j.

Habitat Maderam sylvaticam, in floribus, — a meipso ad Ribeiro Frio d. 22 Mai. a.d. 1850 repertus.

M. large and robust, roundish-oblong, convex, brassy-green, rather coarsely punctulated (especially
on the elytra), and more or less clothed with a cinereous pubescence, — which has sometimes a
yellowish tinge. ProtJiorax wider and more transverse than in any of the other species.
Antenna and ler/s brownish-ferruginous : the latter with their fore-tibite considerably dilated a
httle before the middle, and the outer edge finely serrated along its entire length, — the teeth
gradually diminishing in size from the apex.
Vai-. /3. with the lateral margins of the prothorax broadly testaceous ; antennse and legs paler than
in the ordinary state, being testaceous.

An exceedingly well-marked and truly indigenous species. It may be at once
recognised from the remainder of the genus here described by its brassy-green
surface, more distinctly pimctulated elytra, and, — in the case of the variety (a
state which, if indeed it be not a sexual modification, of which I am by no means
certain, it seems constantly liable to assume), — by the broadly pale margins of its
prothorax. In its general outline, and in the structure of its fore-tibiae, it
approaclies the M. picipes ; but the above characters, independently of its larger
size and its much paler limbs, will immediately distinguish it from that insect.
It is, apparently, the rarest of the INIadeii-an members of the group, or at any rate
the m.ost local ; and would seem to be confined to sylvan spots of intermediate
altitudes. The only occasion on wliich I have liitherto observed it was on the
22nd of May 1850, at the Ribeiro Frio, — where both varieties were tolerably
abundant, in flowers, at the edges of the Levada. Its season is probably of short
duration, since later in the summer I searched for it, in exactly the same position
and under the same circumstances, in vain.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 127

Genus 47. XENOSTRONGYLUS, Woll. (Tab. II. fig. 8.)

Corpus parvum, convexum, valde pubescen.s : prothorace vix marginato : elytris abdomen totum tegen-
tibus : alls amplis. Antenna prothovacis longitudiiie, articulis primo et secundo (illo prscipue)
magnis crassis, tertio reliquis longiore graciliore, quarto ad octavum paulatim brevioribus scd vix
crassioribus, reliquis capitulum magnum subsolidum rotundato-oblongum triarticulatum effici-
entibus. Labrum prominulum transversum, antice profunde bilobum, lobis rotiindatis extus
ciliatis. Mandibula validae, in medio lata;, extus basi sinuate, intus membrana pubeseenti
instructs necnon ad apicem dentibus quatuor armats. Maxilla lobo singula elongato, apice
subdilatato pubeseenti, instructfe. Palpi subfiliformes, articulo secundo tertio longiore, ultimo
subfusiformi-truncato. Ligula elongata, apice biloba, lobis rotundatis ciliatis. Mentum trans-
verso-quadi-atum, antice profunde emarginatum. Pedes subcontractiles : tibiis ad marginem ex-
ternum integi-is : tarsis articulo quarto minutissimo, anticis articulis tribus dilatatis valde cordatis.
A ^€vo9 mirabilis, et Strongylus (genus Coleopterorum).

The peculiar little insect, so singularly variegated externally, from which the
above generic diagnosis has been drawn out, woidd appear to be intermediate
between Meligethes on the one hand, and Thahjcra and Cychramus on the other ;
partaking of the former in its deeply bilobed upper Hp and in the construction of
its mandibles, whilst its very convex body, its extremely pubescent and variously-
coloui-ed sm-face, and its imserrated tibise would tend to associate it more evidently
with the latter. Its lichen-infesting habits however would indicate a closer affinity
with the StrongylincB than with any of the preceding forms ; nevertheless its oral
organs are so nearly similar to those of Meligethes that it clearly ovxght not to be
far removed from that group : — and I woi.dd therefore place it immediately after
it, in which position it constitutes a very natm'al passage to the Strongyli, which
in their tm*n lead us gradually on into the Colydiadce. From Cryptarcha, to
which it might be supposed at first sight to be related, it is readUy distinguished
by the remarkable construction of the antennae of that genus, which have not
only their basal joint inserted beneath the lateral margins of the head, but, like-
wise, the terminal articulation of their (perfoliated) club spongiose and greatly
truncated at its extremity, — where it is siu-mounted moreover by a smaU conical
excrescence. It seems to be the representative of a type which exists sparingly
in Mediterranean latitudes, but which has not hitherto, apparently, been charac-
terized. Thus, I am informed by M. Leon Fairmaire, of Paris, that he has lately
received the X. histrio fi'om SicUy ; whUst a second species* has come imder my

* This species is closely allied to the Madeiran one, though unquestionably distinct from it specifically.
It may be briefly described as follows : —

Xenostrongylus Canariensis, Woll.
X. brevis rotundato-ovatus subconvexus niger, pube nigrescenti, subcinerea et fulva subdepressa va-

riegatus, antennis pedibusque infascato-testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. §.

Habitat in insulis Canariensibus, a Teneriffa a Itev''" Dom. Armitage commTinicatus.

X. smaller than the X. liistrio, and not quite so convex, also of a much darker coloiu-, the surface being

128 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

observation, fi'om the Canary Islands, where it was discovered by the Rev. AV. J.
Armitage in Teneriffe,

105. Xenostrongylus histrio, WoU. (Tab. II. fig. 8.)

X. rotimdato-ovatus convexus piceiis, pube ciuerca, fidva et nigra robusta depressa Isete fasciato-

variegatus, antennis pedibusque testaceis.
Long. corp. lin. 1.

Habitat insulas Maderenscs, pra;sertini inter lichenes in rupium fissuris crescentes, hinc inde vul-
garis: in Portu Sancto necnon in Deserta Grandi abundat; sed etiam in hortis culinaribus
vinetisque Maderfe australis, vix ab urbe Funchalensi remotis, super folia plantarum tempore
vernali interdum legatur.

X. roundish-ovate, convex, piceous, finely punctulated (but not punctate-striated), and densely
clothed with a long, exceedingly robust and decumbent pile, — which on the under side of the
insect is uniformly cinereous ; but above cinereous, fulvous, aud black, intermixed, and occasionally
with a slight addition of golden-brown, which gives the entire upper surface a beautifully varie-
gated and histrionic appearance. Prothorax and elytra ornameutcd with more or less confluent
patches and broken fascia; ; which on the former are arranged principally on the hinder j)ortion,
and have their concavities turned towards and resting upon the base ; whilst on the latter it is
their main tendency to shape-out a large arcuated postmedial one, parallel to the curvature of
the margin and enclosing a darker central portion behind the scutellum (which is, itself, however,
always clothed with pale pubescence). The pubescence of this large arcuated fascia (which is
often a good deal broken and interrupted) is normally, like the scutellum, composed of pale
cinereous hau-s ; and there are usually indications of a smaller transverse zigzag band (of the
same colour) between it and the apex. The space between these two fascia;, as also an ob-
scure subsidiai-y ill-defined arch in fi-ont of the disk {i. e. in the dark space behind the
scutellum), with the pubescence, tj-pically, of a fulvous or golden-brown tinge : — but, although
these are the positions and tints of the fasciae and patches in well-developed and brilliant speci-
mens, the whole arc often so much obscured and shaded-off into each other as to be but indi-
stinctly defined ; in all instances however the large and comparatively dark portion of the elytra
behind the scutellum is at once apparent. Antenna and legs testaceous; the former with their
club generally a little dusky.

One of the most elegant of the Madeiran Coleoptera, the interrupted, arcuated
fascial, and broken patches, of variously coloured pubescence, with which its upper
surface is densely crowded, giving it, at first sight, an almost histrionic appear-
ance. It occurs throughout most of the islands of the group, and in certain
positions in the greatest abundance. Tjiucally, it is an inliabitant of lichen

apparently almost black. The pubescence likewise of an altogether darker nature, and neither quite
so robust nor so completely depressed, — a larger portion of it being black ; with distinct indications,
nevertheless, of a paler, variegated, arched subapical fascia on the el^-tra. Anteiime and Irys darker
than those of the JT. histrio ; the former having their club considerably infuscated.

As already mentioned, it was detected by the 'Rev. AV. J. .irmitage in Teneriffe ; but the circumstances
of its capture I have not been able to ascertain.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 129

(particularly of the RamaUna scopulonim and the Evernia prunastri), — in the
bunches of which on the exposed weather-beaten rocks of Porto Santo and the
Dezerta Grande I have observed it, hybernating, literally by thousands. As the
season advances, however, it would appear, partially, to leave the rocks, when it
may be found in grassy spots in theii* vicinity, — and frequently taking flight to
more distant localities. Thus, diu*ing April 18i8, I captured it even in the
gardens near Fuuchal, on the leaves of plants (especially those of the Sinapis
tribe) and in an exceedingly active state. A few weeks later however it was in
far greater abundance on the mountain-slopes of Porto Santo, where immediately
below the extreme summit of the Pico de Pacho it existed in the utmost pro-
fusion. In May of 1849, whilst encamped mth the Hev. R. T. Lowe high up in
the Ribeu'o de Santa Luzia, I took it in considerable numbers from amongst the
vegetation which clothes the lofty perpendicular edges of the ravine. As already
stated, it varies a good deal in the brightness of its colouring : and I have usually
remarked that the Porto Santan representatives are, on the average, of an obsciu-er
hue than the Madeii'an ones ; whilst those from the Dezerta Grande are somewhat
intermediate between the two.

Fam. 11. COLYDIAD^.

Genus 48. TARPHIUS. (Tab. III. fig. 4, 5 et 6.)

(Germar) Ericli. Nat. der Ins. Beutscli. iii. 256 (1848).

Corpus minusculum, subconvexum vel gibbosum, ssepius rugosum et lutosum : capite prothoraceque
granulis (plerumque crebris et valde obtusis) obsitis, granulo quoque setula parva, mediS, munito ;
illo prothoracis excavatione fere ad oculos inserto ; hoc amplo, in discum convexo, lateribus valde
complanatis, antice profunde emarginato caput recipiente : scutello minutissimo (vix observando) :
alls obsoletis. Antenna (III. 4 a) prothoracis longitudine, distantes, rectse, ante oculos et sub
margine capitis insertae, per otium sub lateribus concavis reponendie, articulo primo magno
crasso superne vix conspicuo, secundo sat robusto, sed primo paulo graciliore, subclavato apice
truncato, tertio gracili reliquis paulo longiore, quarto ad nonum longitudine decrescentibus vix
paulatim crassioribus, decimo et undecimo clavam magnam laxam abruptam biarticulatam
efficientibus, illo subpoculiformi intus interdum obscurissime producto, hoc subgloboso. Labrum
(III. 4 b) subquadratum angulis anticis rotundatis, margine ciliato. Mandibula (III. 4 c) validse,
apice edeutatfe acutae, intus medio leviter sinuatse ac lacinia niembranacea pubescenti instructse.
MaxilldE (III. 4>d) bilobje : lobo externa apice dilatato truncato, dense barbato : interna angustiore
vix breviore, valde ciliato, apice uncinato. Palpi maxillares articulo primo minuto, secundo et
tertio incrassatis, subfequalibus, ultimo robusto ovato, ad summum apicem subcarnoso et vix
oblique truncato : labiates articulis primo et secundo subfequalibus, illo gracdi, hoc subclavato,
ultimo ovato robusto ad apicem subcarnoso-subtruncato. Mentum (III. 4 e) subquadratum.
Ligula subrotundato-quadrata, antice valde ciliata. Pedes (III. 4/, 4^) cursorii, subcontractiles,
distantes : femoribm tibiisc[ne compressis, his gracilibus, extus ssepe obsoletissime erosis, aut
potius subserratis, et mox pone apicem subito subconstrictis, apicem subdilatatum efFormantibus :
tarsis (III. 4/, -iff, et 6) 4-articulatis, articulis tribus baseos subsequalibus intus valde barbatis,

S

130 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

primo interdum (in sexu masculo, ut opinor) in lobuni spiniformeni plus minusve obtusum
subtus producto (III. 4/, et 6), quarto valde elongato flexuoso subclavato, unguicuUs simplicibus
munito.

There is perhaps no Madeiran genus more interesting geograpliically, or better
defined, than Tarphius. In its general contour and habits, and in its 4-jointed
tarsi, it is intimately related to such groups as Diodesma, Coxelus, ColoMcus and
Synchita, though with abundant distinctive characters of its O'vro.. It is with the
first of these howcA'er that it would seem to possess the strongest afl&nity, since it
not only approaches it in the details of its antennae and mouth, but likewise in its
freedom from wings. Nevertheless, in many of its most important features it
recedes from the whole of them, and in none more so than in the structiu-e of
its feet, — which have a tendency in (what I believe to be) the males of most of
the representatives to have theu" l)asal articulation produced beneath into a more
or less acute spiniform lobe, and which in some instances is so exaggerated as
to be at once conspicuous even to the naked eye. As regards their outward
configuration, the Tarphil are either brightly maculated on theu- elytra or else
armed with nodules, — the one state appearing to be normal and the other
aberrant. T\Tiere the patches are well-marked* there is seldom any indication
of protuberances ; but, as the former are gradually removed the latter begin to
arise t, — until, at last, in those species | where the patches ai'c altogether cither
evanescent or suffused, the projections have attained theii- maximum and become
detached humps (concolorous with, the rest of the body) in the exact positions
occupied by the sjiots. These prominences however are generated in a rather
singular manner, and should perhaps, more strictly, be defined as broken ridges
than isolated nodes; for as the blotches vanish the alternate interstices (which
have always a faint tendency to elevation) become not only more perceptibly raised,
but, at the same time, interrupted, especially behind, — thus lea^dng larger or
smaller gibbosities, which have every appearance, at first sight, of having been
independently developed. In rare cases § indeed there is a pale tinge even on the
nodules, but in such the colour is more or less distributed over the entire elytra
also, — diluting their surface and giving them a somewhat transparent aspect.
^Vnother modification || occurs, in which the short rigid pubescence with which the
insect is clothed takes a partially golden tinge, and im^iarts to the himches, even
in the absence of under-patches, a dirty-yello^^■ish cast, — so keeping up the analogy
of the latter in a very peculiar way.

The males of the Tarphii, if I be right in my identification of them, are for the
most part a little smaller than the females ; and, since tliis is in accordance mth
what we observe throughout the Coleoptera generally, it is probable, thus far at

* E. g. T. rotundafus, Lauri, and Lowei. t T. echinatns and compactus.

X T. testudinalU, nodosus, and rugosus. § T. cicatricosus, truncatus, and hrevicollU.

II T. nodosus and testudinalis.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 131

least, that the sexes have been correctly determmed. Nevertheless, if snch be
true, the ordinary law of development would seem in one respect to be departed
from, the tubercles being frequently more particularly enlarged in i\iQ females : at
any rate this is so uninistakeably carried out in a single instance* that the fact
ought not to remain unnoticed. The whole of the members have a tendency to
be more or less covered with a scaly substance resembling dii-t, and which at times
so completely enveloijes them as nearly to conceal even the brighter portions of
the spotted forms. They are, likewise, as regards at all events their elytra, more
or less wriukled and rugulose, — although (considering the T. Lcmri as a specific
centre from which most of the others appear as it were to radiate) it wUl be per-
ceived that a few indeed become comparatively smooth, — even whilst the greater
number recede so manifestly in the opposite dii'ection that they become at length
almost difficult to characterize from the accumulation of protuberances, ridges,
granules, and setae with which they are beset. The sculptiu'e of their heads and
prothoraces (the latter particularly) is exceedingly anomalous, and constitutes in
fact a significant item even in theii' generic diagnosis. Thus, our fu'st Lmj)ression,
on examining one of the outer limits of its variations, would probably be that it
was widely and oj)enly reticulose : nevertheless a closer inspection (especially of
the subcu'cularity of the " reticulations," and of how they gradually contract, and
become, during the process, more and more elevated) would at once explain the
nature of the structure, which may be pronounced, under all circumstances, to be
granulate. "WTien thus enunciated, the successive modifications are easily in-
telligible, — the extreme state in one direction being that in which the pustules
are so closely set, broad, and flattened as to cause the surface to appear reticu-
lated; whilst that in which they have diminished so far in breadth as to leave
spaces between them, and have become proportionably more upraised and acute,
is the ultra condition in the other. The former of these obtains in that section of
the genus which I have assumed (for Madeu*a) to be normal, whereas the latter is
indicative of those members which are al:)errant. In Sicily however, where the
only representative which has hitherto been discovered occiu-s, it is not imj)ossible
that the second of these states may prevail, since the T. gibbulus of that island has
the granules comparatively minute and few, and with a more decided appearance
of being truly isolated and distinct than in any of the species mth which we are
here concerned. "V^liilst the insects are at rest their antennae recline backwards
beneath the dilated edges of their prothorax, which, although not channeled, is
concave, or slightly hollowed out, on the under side in order to receive them. In
the Sicilian T. gibbulus, this cavity, owing partially to the excessive prominence of
its pronotmn which causes the sides to descend like a roof, is remarkably evident,
■ — nevertheless even there it can scarcely be considered grooved, as described by
Erichson. I have observed that several of the species (as, for instance, the T. ro-
tundatus, nodosus, and cicatricosus) are liable to be affected with an extremely

* T. nodosus.

s2

132 INSECTA MADERENSIA,

minute, elliptical, and almost microscopic parasite (III. 4*), which attaches itself
so firmly to the body, especially about the thoracic region, that it is not -u-ithout
considerable force and perseverance that it can be removed.

As already stated, there is perhaps no genus throughout the whole of the
Coleoptera with which we have here to do, more important, in a geographical
sense, than Tarphiiis. Represented hitherto by a single European species of the
greatest rarity, — the T. gibbulus-\ , from Sicily (of which a short notice is given in
Erichson's Nat. der Ins. Deutschlands, vol. iii. p. 25G, A.u. 18i8), — it was abnost
unknown to science ; and hence the detection of a series thus extensive iu the
Madeiran islands, moulded on a pattern so similar to the Sicilian type, becomes
doubly interesting. Of the influence and economy, in situ, of such an assemblage
it is not easy to speculate, — suffice it therefore to remark that the enormous
numbers in wliich they exist, when compared with the limits within which they
arc confined, would seem to poiut to some especial end which they may be pre-
sumed to fulfil amongst the insect population of those remote upland districts.
Meanwhile it is far from improbable, that, like many of the Nitidiilidce and the
Xylophagous groups, they may assist materially in the decomposition of the
superfluous masses of loose, rolling timber M'ith which the damp ravines and dense

t I am indebted to J. O. "Westwood, Esq. for the loan of a specimen of the true TarpJiius gibbulun,
which was captured by the late Mr. Melly in Sicily : and as Erichson's brief notice of it is hardly suffi-
cient to serve for even a generic diagnosis, and therefore, a fortiori, a specific one, I subjoin tlie I'ollo^s-iiig
description, in order to point out in what manner the Sicilian species differs from the fifteen Madeirau
ones : —

Tarphius gibbulus.

T. gibbus cylindricus piceus pilosus lutosus ; prothorace amplo antice subtruncato, pone medium dilatato,
in discum valde convexo, lateribus rotundatia vix complanatis, granulis dispersis obtusis obsito,
obsolete canaliculato et marginc postico (pra;sertim ad angulos) iinpresso ; elytris rugoso- (sed ^ix
seriato-) punctatis, antice et postice obsoletissime submaculatis ; auteunis pedibusijue ferrugiueis.

Long. corp. lin. 1^.

Eecedes from all the Madeiran Tarphii in its very convex and cylindrical form ; in its long, flexible and
pilose (instead of rigid and setose) pubescence ; in its prothorax having the hinder margin deeply im-
pressed transversely (especially towards the posterior angles), the disk exceedingly convex, and the sides
but slightly flattened, — and although scarcely grooved beneath yet considerably concave, or hollowed out,
for the reception of the antennae. The closely-set, large, and obtuse granules which on the prothorax of
most of the Mad(Mran species are so apparent (and whicli give it an almost reticulated sculpture), are liere
entirely wanting, being replaced by minute and distant ones. There is no indication on the el_\-tra of
either ridges or nodules ; but the bright patches with which most of the Madeiran representatives are
more or less adorned (or, rather, which it is their tendency to possess) are here faintly expressed by the
somewhat paler hue of the basal and apical portions, which is gradually shaded-oft' into the darker central
disk. Although differing widely in detaU from all the species described below, I am inclined to consider
the T. gihhuhis as possessing a greater affinity with the T. Lowei than with any of the others, from which
indeed in size, scidpture, colour and contour it is not very remote : — a fact of considerable interest when
we remember that, of all the Madeiran Tarphii, not only does the T. Lowei recede farthest in aspect and
habits from the local t}i)e, but that it is, likewise, of a wider distribution than the remainder, being the
only one, so far as I am aware, which is found out of Madeira proper.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 133

mountain- slopes of Madeii"a everywliere abound. To such localities it is that they
are exclusively assigned, occm-ring in the greatest profusion in those spots which
are the least accessible, and where consequently the primaeval timber is, except by
the hand of time, most untouched. In then- habits the Tarpkii are strictly
noctiu'nal, adhering to the imder sides of moist decaying logs of wood, felled
timber, and even stones dm*ing the day, and Ijeing only active, apparently, by
night. From 2000 to 5000 feet above the sea may be said to include their range ;
nevertheless they are more peculiarly abimdant from 3000 to 4000, and it is perhaps
towards the upper edge of those bounds that they find their maximum. Out of a
large assortment of specimens, collected in nearly all parts of the sylvan regions, I
have succeeded in detecting fifteen distinct forms ; and, although this nimiber may
appear considerable for an island thus small, yet I have but little doubt, fi'om the
evident local importance of the race, that its extent is even greater still, and that
other species will yet be brought to light different from any of those described
l)elow. Considering however the inaccessible nature of theu* favourite haunts, it is
far from unlikely that many of them will remain for ever undiscovered, — a possi-
bility which is not lessened by the fact either of the remarkable manner in which
they are able to counterfeit death, and so to elude observation, or of tlie near
resemblance of the dull rusty colouring of their uneven and inanimate-looking
surfaces to the stones, lichen, and portions of rotting wood to wliich in the day-
time they remain firmly fixed*.

* Out of 486 specimens which I have lately been examining, I find the species distributed in the pro-
portions indicated in the annexed table, which I cannot but consider worthy of insertion, not merely
because so large a number of examples will perhaps never be brought together again for comparison, but,
more especially, because the remote and nimierous positions in which I have collected induce me to be-
lieve that it will give a very correct idea of the comparative rarity of the several members of the group ; —
T. parallelus 8

— Lowei 6

— inomatus {3 5, ? 14) 19

— spinipes 1

— sylvicola 4

— rotundattis 148

— Lauri {S91, ? 107) 198

— compactus 17

— «oiosM« ((? 24, ?29) 53

— cicatricosus 14

— testudinalis 5

— truncatits 5

— echinatus 4

— hrevieollis 3

— rugostts 1

486
I should state that this eniuneration is entirely of Madeiran specimens, and does not include those of the
T. Lowei from Porto Santo, which on several occasions have occm-red iu indefinite niunbers. Nor does
it contain the entire mass even of those which I have captured in Madeira proper, since many have been
distributed amongst my friends in the course of the last three years. But I believe it will, nevertheless,
present a fair estimate of the comparative abundance of the species which I have described.

134 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

106. Tarphius parallelus, Tf'oU.

T. parallelo-oblongus opacus ferrugineus, prothorace amplo ante medium dilatato, rugoso, granulis
obtusis obsito, vix canaliculate, elytris concoloribus rugosissime (sed vix seriato-) punctatis,
interstitiis alternis leviter elcvatis, tarsis in utroque sexu simplicibus.

Long, coi-p. lin. l|-2.

Habitat in Madera sylvatica excelsa, sub stipitibus truncisque arborum projectis, sestate, rarior ; — per
regionem Fanalensem necnon ad Lombo dos Pecegueiros mense Julio a.d. 1850 a meipso lectus.

T. large, oblong, and parallel, dull rusty ferruginous, more or less covered with scales, and opake.
Head and protlwrax rough, and beset with obtuse granules : the latter sometimes distinctly, but
generally very obscurely, channeled, broader in front than behind, though most dilated a little
before the middle ; the sides much flattened, and the front edge a little raised along the central
emargination. Elytra concolorous, very rugosely punctured and transversely wrinkled, — the
punctures however having scarcely any tendency to be disposed in striae ; the suture and alter-
nate interstices most obscurely raised. Antennce and leys a little paler : the latter with their
tarsi simple in both sexes.

A large and most distinct species, its parallel outline and anteriorly T^idened
prothorax, in conjunction \d\h its pale rusty colour, and the sculptiu-e of its upper
surface, — which is extremely rugose, and yet without the slightest indication of
nodules, — being at once sufficient to separate it from the remainder of the genus
here described. It is apparently exceedingly rare, and confined to moist shady
spots of a lofty altitude. During July of 1850 I captured it sparingly both at the
Lombo dos Pecegueiros and in the uj)land region of the Fanal.

107. Tarpliius Lowei, WoU. (Tab. III. fig. 5.)

T, subparallelo-oblongus intcrdum vix opacus subinfuscato-niger, prothorace sublunulato (angulis
posticis rotundatis), granulis dispersis obtusis obsito, elytris rufo-maculatis rugose seriato-punc-
tatis, tarsis in utroque sexu simplicibus.

Long. Corp. lin. 1^-1^.

Habitat lichenes in truncis ramisquc arborum emortuis crescentes per partem lladerre syhaticam,
rarissimus : in Portu Sancto abundat, qua Decembri mense a.d. 1848, prsesertim in ascensu
montis Pico d'Anna Ferreira dicti, e rupium fissuris copiosissime coUegi.

In honorem Rev"^ Dom. Lowe, A.M., qui in insulis ^laderensibiis, per tot aunos longe lateque
Celebris, scientire naturalis solus investigator eluccbat, hanc Tarphii speciem e.ximiam valde di-
stinctam nuncupa\'i.

T. small aud rather parallel, black or brownish-black, gi'ncraliy much iucrusted with dirty scales, and
not quite so opake as the last species, — being often perceptibly shining. Head and prothorax
rough, and beset with somewhat distant, small, dark, and obtuse granules : the latter not
channeled, but sometimes most obscurely transvcr.sely-impresscd behind, sublunulate (being
widened a little before the middle and with the hinder angles nmch rounded-off, — as well as
indistinctly excavated towards the posterior margin). Elytra linear, rugosely punctured, and

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 135

transversely wrinkled (the punctures when the scales are removed appearing in very evident
rows) ; each ornamented with rufous or rufo-testaceous spots, which are arranged, typically, as
follows : — a large oblong one at the inner base, parallel to and alongside the suture ; a rather
narrower one (likewise elongated) towards the margin and in front of the shoulder, but extending
nearer to the apex than the last ; a small roundish one on the inner disk ; and two large ones
behind, — one towards the suture and the other towards the margin, — which usually, as in most
of the spotted species, become confluent, and form an irregular arcuated fascia which has its
concavity turned towards the apex of the elytron. Antenna and tarsi ferruginous : the latter
simple in both sexes.

The smallest of the Tarphii here described, and readily known (apart from its
maculated surface) by the rounded hinder angles of its comparatively sublunulate
prothorax. It is the only member of the groixp wliich I have hitherto detected
out of Madeira proper, — being extremely abundant, during the winter and spring,
amongst lichen in the fissures of the exposed weather-beaten rocks of Porto Santo.
I first discovered it in April 1848, on the northern side of the extreme summit of
the Pico de Pacho ; and diuing December of the same year it occurred i